Arthrology Chapter 8

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Arthrology Chapter 8

• Joints, Body Movements, and Kinesiology

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Arthrology

• Articulation the joining of two or more bones
  in a functional joint.
• Types of Joints
• Synarthrosis Fibrous joints where the bones
  are held in very close proximity by fiberous
  connective tissue that usually contains a lot of
  collagen.
• Syndesmosis the bones are connected by an
  interosseous membrane (i.e. between tibia and
  fibula).
• Suture Only found in the skull, these joints
  hold their bones very tightly together and are
  considered immovable.
• Gomphosis peg in a socket, the teeth are
  considered a type of joint.

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Arthrology

• Amphiarthrosis Cartilaginous joints where the
  bones are joined by a piece of cartilage. This
  joint is considered slightly movable.
• Synchondrosis bands of hyaline cartilage unite
  the two bone parts in this type of joint. The
  epiphyseal plates are such a joint, but are
  temporary and close (ossify) at the end of
  puberty. The junction of the ribs and the
  sternum are also considered a synchondrosis.
• Symphysis pads of fibrocartilage separating two
  hyaline cartilage capped bones are what is found
  here. The intervertebral discs and the pubic
  symphysis are good examples.

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Arthrology

• Diarthrosis Synovial joints are considered
  freely movable joints. These joints are rather
  complex and have several working parts
• Articular cartilage each bone in a diarthrotic
  joint is capped at its articular surfaces with
  hyaline cartilage which serves to decrease
  friction at the joint.
• Joint Capsule has two layers and the outermost
  layer is made of tough dense connective tissue.
  This capsule will completely enclose the ends of
  the bones that come together to form the joint.

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Arthrology

• Ligaments a synovial joint may have one or more
  ligaments designed to reinforce the strength of
  the joint capsule.
• Synovial Membrane this is the innermost layer
  of the joint capsule. This membrane is
  responsible for secreting a fluid called synovial
  fluid or synovium.
• Synovial Fluid this is a clear, viscous
  secretion which has the consistency of egg white.
  It serves to provide lubrication within the
  capsular space.

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Arthrology

• Menisci a pad of fibrocartilage that is
  associated with some synovial joints.
• Bursae a fluid filled sac found near or on top
  of some synovial joints. They serve to reduce
  friction of the tendons that move over the joints
  surface. The inner lining is a synovial
  membrane, so the fluid in them is synovium.

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Arthrology

• Types of synovial joints
• Ball and socket hip and shoulder joints have
  this set up. These are the most freely moveable
  joints with motion shown in all planes.
• Condyloid found where the metacarpals and the
  phalanges articulate, these joints allow for
  great range of motion. They do not allow for
  rotation.
• Gliding these joints allow for a sliding back
  and forth type of motion. They are found at the
  wrist, ankle, and facet joints of the spinal
  column.

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Arthrology

• Hinge these joints allow for range of motion
  only in one plane. They are best exhibited at
  the knee, elbow, and phalanges.
• Pivot motion for this joint is about its own
  long axis. The atlantoaxial joint is a good
  example of this type of joint.
• Saddle this joint allows for a wide variety of
  movements, with the exception of rotation. The
  articulation of the carpal and first metacarpal
  joint at the thumb is a good example.

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Arthrology

• Joint Movements
• Flexion
• Extension
• Dorsiflexion
• Plantar flexion
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Rotation
• Circumduction

• Joint Movements
• Supination
• Pronation
• Eversion
• Inversion
• Protraction
• Retraction
• Elevation
• Depression

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Arthrology

• Joint Disorders
• Sprains this type of injury is the result of
  over stretching of ligaments and/or cartilage at
  a joint. Sprains can range from very mild to
  severe, with the worst (a complete rupture)
  requiring surgery. Healing may be slow due to
  poor local blood circulation.
• Bursitis this is inflammation of a bursa. The
  inflammation is usually due to trauma or overuse.
  

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• Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis this is the most common form of
  joint inflammation. All osteoarthritis is
  degenerative in nature and has a basis in damage
  to the articular cartilage. This damage may
  exceed the cartilage and begin eroding the bone
  itself. The most common cause is overuse of a
  joint(s) due to occupation, or direct trauma to a
  joint.

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• Rheumatoid arthritis RA is the least common
  type of arthritis and has many sub-variants (i.e.
  Lupus, Scleroderma, Ankylosing Spondylitis).
  This form of arthritis is usually a form of
  connective tissue disorder. RA has a possibility
  of being life threatening, especially if it
  begins to affect the heart or lungs. All forms
  of this disorder are thought to have a basis that
  is autoimmune in nature. Along with damage to
  the joints, there is usually infiltration of
  fibrous connective tissue and this may lead to
  ossification of the joint (known as bony
  ankylosis). These disorders are known for
  periods of flare up followed by periods of
  symptom free remission, with no known etiology.
  Flare ups may be years weeks to months to years
  apart. The treatment for these conditions will
  probably include steroid anti-inflammatory drugs,
  especially during periods of flare up.

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Arthrology

• Gout this is a metabolic disorder where the
  body is unable to process some foods,
  particularly those high in purines. The
  accumulation of uric acid in the blood stream
  leads to the crystallization of this substance
  which is subsequently deposited into a joint
  space (capsular space) with the first
  metatarsophalangeal joint being the most popular
  site of irritation followed by the knee. Gout is
  commonly known as the Disease of Kings because
  the most common source of purine rich foods is
  red meat and other rich foods. Alcohol and
  dehydration can play an aggravating role,
  although they are not direct causes. Treatment
  is usually reduction or elimination of purine
  rich foods by regulation of the diet.

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Arthrology

• Lyme Arthritis this is a form of septic
  arthritis where the joint space becomes infected
  by a bacterial organism, the most common from a
  tick bite. Other causative agents can be
  Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium, and
  Neisseria. Antibiotics are the usual treatment
  for this malady.