The Self

1
The Self
2
Terms

• Self
• Self-Concept
• Self-Esteem
• Identity

3
The History of Self-Research

• What is the nature of the self?
• William James
• Material self
• Social self
• Spiritual self

4

• How does the self form?
• Cooley
• Looking glass self
• Mead
• Reflected appraisals of the generalized others
• Cognitive Approach
• Humanistic Approach

5
Self-Concept in Adolescence

• Developmental Analysis
• Differences in Adolescences
• Phony vs Real Self
• Is the self-concept stable?
• Ideal self

6
3 Studies

• An Effective Approach to Violence Prevention
  Traditional Martial Arts in Middle School (Aivin,
  Hassan, DePaula, Monti, Harlan, Hossain, and
  Kasi, 2001)
• Early Adolescents Experiences With and Views of
  Barbie ( Kuther and McDonald, 2004)
• Labeling and Delinquency (Adams, Robertson,
  Gray-Ray, and Ray, 2003)

7
Self-Esteem

• The simple version
• The Trends
• Stability?
• Changes?
• Gender Differences?

8
More Trends

• Minority Groups
• Too Much Self-Esteem?
• Aggression (Bushman and Baumeister, 1998)
• Unstable Self-Esteem
• Inflated Self-Esteem with NO Bases

9
Improving Self-Esteem

• The Environment
• Choices, Personal Control and Responsibility
• Parental Involvement
• Skills for Success

10
Identity

• Who am I?
• Where do I belong?
• Where am I going?
• Erikson and others

11
Identity Formation

• Psychoanalytic
• Social
• Cognitive
• Erikson
• Identity vs Role Confusion
• Crisis (Exploration)
• Commitment

12
4 Identity Statuses

• Marcia (1967, 1980)

13
Gender Issues

• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Gilligan

14
Problems with Identity Research

• Problem 1
• Problem 2

15
Gender Roles

• Sex-typing
• Gender Roles
• Gender Stereotypes
• How do Stereotypes Develop?

16
Voice

• Exclusion
• Inclusion
• Losing Voice

17
How Do Gender Roles Develop?

• Learning
• Role Models
• Cognitive view
• Biological influences