Operant Conditioning

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Operant Conditioning
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Whats the Difference?

• In classical conditioning, one associates
  different stimuli that it does not control.
• Through operant conditioning, one associates
  their behavior with consequences.

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Operant Conditioning

• Subjects of operant conditioning associate
  behaviors with their consequences.
• They are more likely to repeat rewarded
  (reinforced) behaviors and less likely to repeat
  punished behaviors.

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B.F. Skinner

• Believed that most behavior is influenced by a
  persons history of rewards and punishments.
• Skinner trained rats to respond to lights and
  sounds in a Skinner Box.

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• Reinforcement stimulus or event that follows a
  response and increases the likelihood that the
  response will be repeated.
• Examples?
• Social approval, money, extra privileges.

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Types of Reinforcement

• Positive Reinforcement something positive is
  given when a desired behavior is performed.
• Negative Reinforcement something negative is
  taken away when a desired behavior is performed.
• Primary Reinforcer Stimulus that is naturally
  rewarding.
• Secondary Reinforcer Stimulus that becomes
  rewarding as it is linked with a primary
  reinforcer.

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Humanistic Psychology
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Humanistic Psychology

• Said human nature was evolving and self-directed.
• Humanists believe that the environment and other
  outside forces only serve as a background to our
  internal growth.
• Each person is unique and has the potential to
  develop fully.

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Abraham Maslow

• We seek to fulfill our potential
  (self-actualization).
• Studied healthy, creative people rather than
  troubled people. (Lincoln, Jefferson, Eleanor
  Roosevelt)

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Carl Rogers

• People are basically good and are primed for
  growth and fulfillment (self-actualization)
• He believed that a growth-promoting climate
  required three conditions
• Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

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• Humanists agree that a central figure of
  personality is ones self-concept all the
  thoughts and feelings we have in response to the
  question Who am I?

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Discussion

• What are some positive aspects of humanistic
  psychology?
• What may a critic complain about with humanistic
  psychology?