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Operant Conditioning I

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Title: Operant Conditioning I


1
Operant Conditioning I
2
Priscilla the Fastidious Pig
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vy6tpXC2mwlQ

3
Thorndike and Law of Effect
  • Rewarded behavior is likely to occur

4
B. F. Skinner
  • Operant conditioning shapes behavior as a
    sculptor shapes a lump of clay

Its all a matter of consequences
5
Operant Conditioning
  • Learning where responses come to be controlled by
    their consequences
  • Classical conditioning regulating reflexive,
    involuntary responses
  • Operant conditioning voluntary responses

6
Skinner Pigeons
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vvGazyH6fQQ4

7
What the what!? How did he do that?
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vTtfQlkGwE2U
  • Shaping and reinforcement
  • Shaping operant technique, reward for closer
    and closer approximation of desired response

8
Skinner says
  • Organisms tend to repeat responses that are
    followed by favorable consequences
  • Understood best through idea of reinforcement
    response is strengthened because it leads to
    rewarding consequences
  • Defined AFTER THE FACT

9
Tendency to patronize Chipotle increases
Rewarding stimulus presented Most delicious
meal you will ever have ever
Response Go to Chipotle for a meal
REINFORCEMENT IN OPERANT CONDITIONING
Tendency to tell jokes increases
Response Tell jokes
Rewarding stimulus presented Friends laugh
10
Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers
11
Generalization vs. Discrimination
  • Which is which?
  • Kids only ask parents for sweets when they know
    the parents are in a good mood.
  • A cat runs into the kitchen whenever a can opener
    is being utilized

12
Basic Processes in Classical and Operant
Conditioning
VS.
13
Operant Conditioning II
14
Fixed-ratio schedule
  • A rat is reinforced for every tenth lever press
  • A salesperson receives a bonus for every fourth
    gym membership sold

15
Variable-ratio schedule
  • A slot machine in a casino pays off once every
    six tries on the average.
  • The number of winning responses between payoffs
    varies greatly from one time to the next.

16
Fixed-interval schedule
  • A man washing his clothes periodically check to
    see whether each load is finished
  • The reward (clean clothes) is available only
    after a fixed time interval
  • The man who checks his laundry before it is
    completed in the cycle does not receive
    reinforcement of clean clothes because theyre
    not done yet

17
Variable-interval schedule
  • Person wants to win a radio contest, so calls the
    station and gets a busy signal
  • Getting through to the DJ is the reinforcer
  • A rat is reinforced for the first lever press
    after a 1 minute interval, but the following
    intervals are 3 min, 2 min, and 4 min (average of
    2 min)

18
Conclusion
  • Faster responding leads to reinforcement sooner
    when ratio is in effect
  • Variable schedules tend to generate steadier
    response rates
  • Greater resistance to extinction

19
Operant Conditioning II
20
Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement
  • Study hint THEY BOTH HAVE THE WORD
    REINFORCEMENT IN IT so it has to REINFORCE the
    behavior either way

21
  • Positive reinforcement response is strengthened
    because it is followed by the presentation of a
    rewarding stimulus
  • Ex good grades, tasty meals, paychecks,
    scholarship, promotions, nice clothes, attention,
    flattery

22
  • Negative Reinforcement occurs when a response is
    strengthened because it is followed by the
    removal of an aversive stimulus
  • ex you rush home in winter to get out of the
    cold, you clean a house to get rid of a mess, you
    give in to an argument to avoid an unpleasant
    situation

23
REINFORCEMENT IS REINFORCEMENT
  • Both positive and negative reinforcement involve
    a favorable outcome that STRENGTHENS
  • a response tendency

24
Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement in a Skinner
Box
Behavior
Consequence
Rewarding stimulus presented food delivered
Response Press lever

Tendency to press lever increases
Aversive Stimulus removed shock turned off
Response Press lever
Tendency to press lever increases
-
25
Negative reinforcement applications
  • 1. Escape learning organism acquires a response
    that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
  • Ex you leave a party where you were getting
    picked on by peers

26
  • 2. Avoidance learning organism acquires a
    response that prevents some aversive stimulation
    from occurring
  • Ex you quit going to parties because of your
    concern about being picked on

27
  • How does avoidance learning present an example of
    how classical conditioning and operant
    conditioning work together to regulate behavior?
  • Ex Rat, shuttle box, shock

28
Punishment Consequences that weaken responses
  • Punishment occurs when event following a
    response weakens the tendency to make that
    response
  • Super easy to mix-up
  • How is this different from negative reinforcement?

29
Punishment examples
  • If you wear a new outfit and your classmates make
    fun of it, your behavior will have been punished
    and your tendency to wear the same clothing will
    probably decline.
  • 2) If you have a bad meal and a restaurant,
    your response will have been punished, and you
    will be less likely to go to the restaurant again.
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