Procedure Knowledge

1
Procedure Knowledge

• According to Gagné (1985), procedure knowledge
  is knowing how.

2
Procedure Knowledge

• Using a procedure refers to applying an ordered
  set of actions to achieve a goal. There is often
  more than one procedure for achieving a given
  goal. A procedure is sometimes referred to as a
  technique, skill, or method. A procedure can be
  either a mental process or a physical skill.
  Most procedures are a combination of mental and
  physical activities.
• Leshin, Pollock, Reigeluth (1992). p. 170

3
Outcomes

• The ability to state the steps in a procedure is
  usuallyDeclarative Knowledge.
• The ability to execute a procedure is an
  Intellectual Skill (rules).

4
Characteristics of Procedure Knowledge

• A sequence of actions.
• An algorithm.
• May include physical and/or mental processes and
  activities.
• May involve decision points(for complex
  procedures).
• Ultimately, we are interested in automaticity
  (unconcious skill).

5
Strategies for Instruction

• Expository approach.
• Present, demonstrate, practice(Tell, show, do)
• Most common strategy
• Inquiry approach
• Observe, experience, exploreand/or trial and
  error
• form and test hypotheses
• Useful in only certain cases. When?

6
Specific Instructional Techniques

• Simplify and build to greater complexity
• Part-whole, whole-part(distributed vs massed
  practice)
• Components to be practiced
• Determine if procedure is required
• Complete each step in the procedure
• List the steps
• Self-check the procedure

7
Specific Instructional Techniques

• The role of job aids?
• What to do about errors when practicing the
  procedure?

8
Principle Knowledge

• Principles are relational rules. They can often
  be expressed in the form of if-then or
  cause-effect statements.

9
Principle Knowledge

• Principle knowledge may help us to predict,
  explain, or control circumstances in our
  environment by describing either natural or
  volitional responses to those circumstances.
• Smith Ragan (1999)

10
Outcomes

• The ability to state a principle is usually
  Declarative Knowledge.
• The ability to use or implement a principle is
  anIntellectual Skill (higher-order rules).

11
Characteristics of Principle Knowledge

• variables, concepts, contexts, conditions
• relationships among all these factors(if-then
  kinds of connections)
• identifying situations or conditions in which the
  principle is applicable (diagnosis)
• judgment, heuristics, rules-of-thumb
• usually combinations of many procedures

12
Strategies for Instruction

• General strategy
• inquiry approach
• expository approach.

13
Specific Instructional Techniques

• Explain why?
• Examples, divergent cases
• Easy-to-difficult
• Concept maps
• Practice different components
• State the principle.
• Recognise relevant situations.
• Use principle to predict, explain, control.
• Self-check to see if principle was correctly
  applied.