Health

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Health Consumer Protection Directorate General

• Requirements and opportunities for ABP in
  renewable energy
• Drs. K. Zwaagstra
• Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority
• Netherlands

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What are we talking about?

• Renewable energy use of natural resources such
  as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal
  heat for the production of energy.
• Renewable energy technologies range from solar
  power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro,
  biomass and biofuels for transportation.

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Biomass

• CD 2001/77 biomass
• shall mean the biodegradable fraction of
  products,
• waste and residues from agriculture (including
• vegetal and animal substances), forestry and
• related industries, as well as the biodegradable
• fraction of industrial and municipal waste

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Kinds of renewable energy

• production of warmth
• production of electricity
• production of fuels
• production of chemicals
• production of ???

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Background

• Primary drivers
• climate change
• depletion of fossile sourses
• security of supply
• protection of environment
• increase in energy demands due to personal
  needs, grow in economies

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Background

• EU white paper on renewable energy sources in
  1997. Increase of 6-12 in 2010.
• Kyoto Treaty 1997 commitment of EC to reduce CO2
  with 8 of 1990 level
• EU directive renewable energy 20 in 2020, 10
  biofuels in 2010
• New Kyoto Treaty
• NL 30 of all energy production in 2030

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Biobased economy

• Biomass is reason and fuel
• economical factors expensive versus cheap
• increase prices oil (and gas)
• due to technical possibilities competition
• trade in CO2

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• from a ABP (legal) point of view

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Relation with ABP?

• ABP are organic materials
• Category 1 material e.g. fat
• Category 2 material e.g. manure, fat, meal
• Category 3 material e.g. former foodstuff,
  kitchen waste, MBM

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What are ABP used for?

• production of biogas
• production of biofuel
• direct combustion for electricity or heat
• production of building materials (ashes)

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Legislation (1)

• Reg. 1774/2002 in combination with
• Reg. 92/2005
• Also
• Environmental legislation
• manure legislation
• renewable energy legislation

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Legislation (2) Reg 1774/2002

• 1774/2002 provides rules on biogas production
• art. 15 and annex VI approval of biogas plants
• basis for Reg 92/2005 use of alternative methods
• art. 4, 2, e, art. 5, 2, g and art. 6, 2, i

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Legislation (3) 92/2005

• Provides rules on approval of plants
• Provides rules on alternative treatment methods
• Annex III high pressure hydrolysis biogas proces
• Annex IV biodiesel production proces
• Annex VI combustion of animal fat in thermal
  boiler proces
• Annex VII thermo mechanical biofuel production
  proces
• Provides rules on disposal/ use of byproducts or
  waste

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Approval of plants (1)

• Biogas plants art. 15 Reg. 1774/2002
• Other plants art. 3 Reg. 92/2005
• The competent authority shall approve the plants
  which use one of the processes
• described in the Annexes once it has authorised
  the proces, if the plant complies with
• the technical specifications and parameters in
  the relevant Annex, and with the
• conditions laid down in Reg. 1774/2002, except
  for the technical specifications an
• parameters laid down in that regulation for other
  processes.
• Question What kind of approval do the annex
  plants need? Processing plant, technical plant,
  biogas plant?

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Approval of plants (2)

• What approval does the plant need? ? approval
  according to 1774/2002
• What activity does the plant have?
• ? list of approved plants, document
  SANCO/10149/2006

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Approval of plants (3)
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Requirements of plants

• Biogas plants
• Production of biofuel
• Biodiesel plants
• Combustion of animal fats

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Biogasplants
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uses of biogas
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Biogas plants

• Biological degradation of biomass under
• anaerobic conditions methane, CO2

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Biogasplants, requirements

• Requirements for input material
• Requirements for premises
• Requirements for hygiene
• Processing standards
• End product standards

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Biogas plants, processing methods

• 70, 60 minutes, 12 mm (annex VI, Reg.
  1774/2002)
• or
• validation of the process (annex VI, Reg.
  1774/2002, Reg.208/2006)
• or
• national rules catering waste, manure, contents
  digestive tract, milk, colostrum (annex VI, Reg.
  1774/2002)
• or
• high pressure hydrolysis biogas process cat. 1
  material (annex III Reg. 92/2005)

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Biogas plants, national rules

• Mainly on farm plants
• Manure cat. 3 material
• Consider residues as unprocessed
• material

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Biogas plants

• Disposal of residues!
• composting
• incineration
• use as fertilizer
• reprocessing if no compliance with microbiologica
  standards

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Biodiesel plants
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Biodiesel plants, processing

• Step I
• - cat. 1 or cat. 2 material method 1
• - cat. 3 material method 1 to 5 or 7 method 6
  for fish material
• Step II
• - purification 0.15 insolubles
• esterfication and transesterfication
• refining (incl. vacuum destilation)
• or equivalent proces parameters

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Biodiesel plants

• byproduct of production glycerine
• use in technical products, not feed

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Thermomechanical Biofuel production

• Annex VII Reg. 92/2005
• Cat. 3 material manure digestive tract
  content
• Heating in combination with size reduction
• Extraction evaporated water
• Direct incineration of the biofuel

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Combustion of animal fats

• thermal boiler process heat
• Cat. 1, cat. 2, cat. 3 processing plants
• green houses
• swimming pools
• feed or food plants

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Thermal boiler process

• Step I treatment of the fats
• Distinguish between destination of the fats
• in another plant method 1
• in the same plant method 1 to 5 or 7 method 6
  for fish material
• Step II purification 0.15 insolubles
• Step III
• vaporising 1100 C for 0,2 seconds
• or
• equivalent proces parameters

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Difficulties

• concerns about food production
• concerns about biodiversity (more with plant
  material)
• subsidies

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Difficulties

• Reg 1774/2002 exclusion of catering waste for
  biodiesel production
• biogas plants validation, meeting the micro
  biological requirements
• environmental legislation waste or not waste,
  emission standards, ashes
• how to evaluate equivalent proces parameters

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Exclusion catering waste

• Discarded cooking oils
• Artikel 1 of 1774/2002
• Repair in new regulation

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Biogasplants

• validation meeting the microbiological
  requirements, especially mesofylic plants
• meeting the microbiological end criteria

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Environmental legislation

• waste or not waste
• combustion of fats emission
• internal discussion Cie

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Equivalent proces parameters

• 1100 C for 0,2 seconds
• 900 C for 0,3 seconds
• ?
• In Netherlands
• reports EFSA risk analysis Commision

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Possibilities

• technological developments second and third
  generation fuels
• extended use of cat. 1 and cat. 2 materials
• new regulation

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Future developments

• bioraffinage intergrated facility
• on farm biogas plants
• static engines
• gassification of manure
• torrefaction burning of pellets
• evaluation by EFSA

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time for questions