21_B2_U06A

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21st Century College English Book 2
Unit 6 Text A
A Brief History of Stephen Hawking
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Unit 6 Text A

• Lead-in Activities
• Text Organization
• Reading and Writing Skills
• Language Points
• Guided Practice
• Assignment

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Lead-in Activities
Questions for Discussion
1. What do you know about Stephen Hawking ? Share
with your classmates. 2. Why is he called the
smartest man in the world?
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Text Organization

para. 1
para. 2
para. 3-5
para. 6-10
para. 11-14
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Reading Writing Skills
1. Writing Skill Coming up with examples to
support the general statement. 2. Reading Skill
Understanding figurative language.
6
Intensive Study

• Intensive Study
• Difficult sentences
• Key words, phrases usages
• Comprehension exercises

7
Intensive Study
A Brief History of Stephen Hawking By Michael
White John Gribbin
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Intensive Study
1 He has been proclaimed the finest mind alive,
the greatest genius of the late 20th century,
and Einsteins heir. Known to millions, far and
wide, for his book A Brief History of Time,
Stephen Hawking is a star scientist in more ways
than one. His gift for revealing the mysteries of
the universe in a style that non-scientists can
enjoy made Hawking an instant celebrity and his
book a bestseller in both Britain and America. It
has earned a place in the Guinness Book of
Records for spending 184 weeks in The Sunday
Times top-ten lists, and has sold more than
five million copies worldwide virtually
unheard-of success for a science book.
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Intensive Study
2 How did all this happen? How has a man who is
almost completely paralysed and unable to speak
except through a computer overcome these
incredible obstacles and achieved far more than
most people ever dream of? 3 Stephen William
Hawking was a healthy baby, born to intellectual,
eccentric parents. His father Frank, a doctor
specializing in tropical diseases, and his mother
Isobel, a doctors daughter, lived in a big old
house full of books. Carpets and furniture stayed
in use until they fell apart the wallpaper hung
peeling from old age. The family car was a London
taxi, bought for 50.
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Intensive Study
4 Hawking has always been fascinated by his birth
date January 8, 1942. It was the 300th
anniversary of the death of Galileo, the Italian
mathematician and astronomer who revolutionised
astronomy by maintaining that the Sun is the
centre of the Solar System not the Earth, as
ancient astronomers believed. 5 Galileo, says
Hawking, was the first scientist to start using
his eyes, both figuratively and literally. In a
sense, he was responsible for the age of science
we now enjoy.
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Intensive Study
6 Hawking attended St. Albans School, a private
school noted for its high academic standards. He
was part of a small elite group, the brightest of
the bright students. They hung around together,
listened to classical music and read only such
smart authors as Aldous Huxley and Hawkings
hero, Bertrand Russell, at once an intellectual
giant and liberal activist.     7 Hawking spent
very little time on maths homework, yet got full
marks. A friend recalls While I would be
struggling away with a complicated problem, he
just knew the answer. He didnt have to think
about it.
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Intensive Study
8 This instinctive insight also impressed his
teachers. One of Hawkings science teachers, for
example, recalls the time he posed the question
Does a cup of hot tea reach a drinkable
temperature more quickly if you put the milk in
first, or add the milk after pouring? While the
rest of the class struggled over how to even
begin approaching the problem, Hawking almost
instantly announced the correct answer Add the
milk after pouring, of course. (The hotter the
tea initially, the faster it will cool.) Another
teacher relates how Hawking and his friends built
a simple computer and this was in 1958, a time
when only large research centres had any
computers at all.
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Intensive Study
9 Hawking the schoolboy was a typical grind,
underweight and awkward and peering through
eyeglasses. His grey uniform always looked a mess
and he spoke rather unclearly, having inherited a
slight lisp from his father. This had nothing to
do with early signs of illness he was just that
sort of kid a figure of classroom fun,
respected by his friends, avoided by most.
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Intensive Study
10 Hawking went on to study at Oxford, winning a
scholarship to read Natural Science, a course
which combines mathematics, physics and
astronomy, at University College. He found much
of the work easy and averaged only one hours
work a day. Once, when his tutor set some physics
problems from a textbook, Hawking didnt even
bother to do them. Asked why, he spent 20 minutes
pointing out errors in the book. His main
enthusiasm was the Boat Club. Many times he
returned to shore with bits of the boat knocked
off, having tried to guide his crew through an
impossibly narrow gap. His rowing trainer
suspects, Half the time, he was sitting in the
stern with his head in the stars, working out
mathematical formulae.
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Intensive Study
11 Oxford has always had its share of eccentric
students, so Hawking fit right in. But then, when
he was 21, he was told that he had ALS a
progressive and incurable nerve disease. The
doctors predicted that he had only a few years to
live. 12 Before my condition was diagnosed, I
was very bored with life, Hawking says today,
speaking from his wheelchair through a
computerized voice synthesizer. The doctors grim
prognosis made him determined to get the most
from a life he had previously taken for granted.
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Intensive Study
13 But I didnt die, Hawking notes dryly.
Instead, as his physical condition worsened,
Hawkings reputation in scientific circles grew,
as if to demonstrate the theory of mind over
matter. Hawking himself acknowledges his disease
as being a crucial factor in focusing his
attention on what turned out to be his real
strength theoretical research. Hawking
specializes in theoretical cosmology, a branch of
science that seeks ultimate answers to big
questions Why has the universe happened, and
what are the laws that govern it? His main work
has been on black holes and the origin and
expansion of the universe. He currently holds the
Cambridge University professorship once held by
Sir Isaac Newton.
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Intensive Study
14 The smartest man in the world is not immune to
the depression that can accompany severe
disabilities. But Hawking says I soon realized
that the rest of the world wont want to know you
if youre bitter or angry. You have to be
positive if youre to get much sympathy or help.
He goes on Nowadays, muscle power is obsolete.
What we need is mind power and disabled people
are as good at that as anyone else.
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He has been proclaimed the finest mind alive ...
alive a. (predicative) having life living
e.g. The doctors are trying every possible
means to keep him alive. It is reported
that more than forty people were burned
alive in yesterdays fire.
Cf. living a. (attributive) e.g. I have no
living relatives in my hometown.
More to learn
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He has been proclaimed the finest mind alive ...
Paraphrase ?
He has been declared the most intelligent man
who is living today ...
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Known to millions,

• Past participial phrases can be used as
  adverbials.
• e.g.
• Stephen Hawking is known to millions, far and
  wide, for his book A Brief History of Time. He
  is a star scientist in more ways than one.
• Known to millions, far and wide, for his book A
  Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking is a star
  scientist in more ways than one.

More to do
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Exercises Structure
VIII. Rewrite the following pairs of sentences as
single sentences using past participial phrases
as adverbials.
???? IIEx. VIII, p. 173
1. The museum was originally located in London.
It was moved to Hertfordshire in 1946. 2. The
manager was asked what his plan was for the
coming year. He promised to further develop the
domestic market.

• Originally located in London, the museum was
  moved to Hertfordshire in 1946.

• Asked what his plan was for the coming year, the
  manager promised to further develop the domestic
  market.

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Exercises Structure
VIII. Rewrite the following pairs of sentences as
single sentences using past participial phrases
as adverbials.
3. This symphony was composed in 1878. Its based
on a classical Chinese love story. 4. Many
modern museum exhibits are designed for visitors
to touch or play with. They are at once
entertaining and educational.

• Composed in 1878, this symphony is based on a
  classical Chinese love story.

• Designed for visitors to touch or play with, many
  modern museum exhibits are at once entertaining
  and educational.

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Exercises Structure
VIII. Rewrite the following pairs of sentences as
single sentences using past participial phrases
as adverbials.
5. Science is aided by technology. It helps
mankind to gain increasing control over the
environment.

• Aided by technology, science helps mankind to
  gain increasing control over the environment.

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far and wide everywhere from or over a large
area
e.g. She looked far and wide for the missing
diamond ring. Since he retired, he has
traveled far and wide.
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His gift for and his book a bestseller in both
Britain and America.
bestseller n. anything, especially a book,
that has a large sale.
Translate ????????2002???????
e.g. The writers first novel was a
best-seller. John read a best-seller while
riding the bus.
Key Star War III turned out to be one of the
bestsellers in the year 2002.
More to learn
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His gift for and his book a bestseller in both
Britain and America.
His ability to explain the complexities of the
universe in a way that the average
non-professional readers can understand and
appreciate soon made him well known and his book
best-selling in both Britain and America.
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earn vt. get (sth. that one deserves)
because of ones qualities deserve
e.g. She earned the promotion from a salesgirl
to a sales manager. After that, Sharon earned
a reputation for honesty.
Translate ??????????????
Key He has earned his place in history.
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Text-related information
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Text-related information
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virtually ad. almost very nearly
Notice You can use virtually to refer to
something that is almost or nearly true and that
can be regarded as true for most purposes.
e.g. Its virtually impossible to tell the
imitation from the real thing. The job was
virtually completed by the end of the week.
More to learn
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virtually ad. almost very nearly
Cf. virtual a. almost what is stated in fact
though not officially
Virtual reality is a set of images and sounds
produced by a computer which seem to represent a
place or situation in which a person experiencing
it can take part, and a virtual business is one
that exists in cyberspace.
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paralyse/paralyze vt. make (sb. ) lose the
ability to move part or all of his body, or to
feel anything in it
e.g. He was paralysed from the neck down in a
road accident. A stroke paralyzed half his
face.
Notice You can say that people, places or
organizations are paralysed by something when it
makes them unable to act or function
properly. e.g. The strike paralysed the
transport network. The whole system was
paralysed when the main computer broke down.
Translate ??????????????
Key Electricity failure paralyzed the whole city.
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dream of wish, fantasize, imagine
You dream of doing something or of something
happening, when you very much want it to come
about.
e.g. He dreamed of winning the world tennis
championship one day. Stephanie often dreams
of long sea journeys.
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specialize in concentrate ones studies,
interests, etc. on (a particular field, etc.)
e.g. Prof. White specializes in oriental
history. He specialized first in painting birds
and later in writing about them.
Fill in the blank They went to a _____ (???????).
Key restaurant that specializes in Italian food
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Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they
fell apart the wallpaper hung peeling from old
age.
fall apart break into pieces break up
e.g. My bicycle is falling apart. Their
marriage finally fell apart.
More to learn
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Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they
fell apart the wallpaper hung peeling from old
age.
peel vi. (of a covering) come off in
strips or small pieces e.g. After the sunburn,
my husbands skin peeled.
Cf. peel vt. (off) remove the outer covering
from (a fruit, vegetable, etc.) e.g. Mother
wanted you to peel some potatoes for salad.
Cf. peel n. the outer covering of fruits and
vegetables e.g. orange peel onion peel
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Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they
fell apart the wallpaper hung peeling from old
age. The family car was a London taxi, bought for
50.
Carpets and furniture would not be replaced by
new ones until they broke the wallpaper came off
and hung for old age. The family car was a
second-hand car bought for 50 from a London taxi
company.
The description of Hawkings parents house
suggests their eccentric behaviors in other
peoples eyes and, on the other hand, their
thrift in life they would rather bury themselves
in a roomful of books than have any comforts in
their house.
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Text-related information
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start using his eyes, both figuratively and
literally
figuratively ad. ?????? When someone is
speaking figuratively, he is using a word or
expression with a more abstract or imaginative
meaning than its usual one.
e.g. Figuratively speaking, a number of people
still live in the eighteenth century. When I
said I killed him, I was using the word kill
figuratively.
More to learn
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start using his eyes, both figuratively and
literally

• literally ad.
• exactly, really
• e.g.
• There are literally thousands of interest
  groups on the Internet.
• I literally begged him for help.

• literally ad.
• according to the most basic and simple meaning of
  a word
• e.g.
• The book is translated too literally.
• Dont take everything he says literally he
  likes to exaggerate.

More to learn
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start using his eyes, both figuratively and
literally
Figuratively and literally are often used to
describe the meanings of words. In the case of
eye, literally it means an organ of sight, as
in He closed his left eye and opened his right
eye, while figuratively it means the minds eye
or observation, as in To her expert eye, the
painting was terrible.
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In a sense, he was responsible for the age of
science we now enjoy.
in a sense to a certain extent but not entirely
e.g. You are right in a sense, but you dont
know all the facts. We are, in a sense, being
deceitful if we tell them so.
More to learn
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In a sense, he was responsible for the age of
science we now enjoy.
be responsible for be the cause of
e.g. The bad weather was responsible for the
crop failure. Who is responsible for the
damage?
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Text-related information
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Text-related information
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at once an intellectual giant and liberal activist
at once at the same time

• e.g.
• All three boys spoke at once.
• The book is at once instructive and amusing.
• When theres more than one conversation going on
  at once, you cant hear anything.

More to learn
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at once an intellectual giant and liberal activist
intellectual a. having or showing power of the
mind needing or using power of the mind
An intellectual person is one who has developed
his brain and is highly educated, and is
interested in subjects that exercise the mind,
while an intelligent person has the power of
learning or understanding but may not know much.
Cf. intelligent a. having or showing
understanding able to learn and
know e.g. Dolphins are intelligent
animals. Scientists believe that there are
intelligent life existing beyond our solar system.
e.g. Hes quite bright but hes not what you
should describe as intellectual. Thinking is an
intellectual process.
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struggle away with try very hard to do (sth.,
though it is very hard)

• e.g.
• He struggled away with calculus but eventually
  understood it.
• For years, the scientist struggled away with the
  establishment to get his theories accepted.

More to learn
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away ad. all the time continuously
e.g. She worked away at her job. The young
people chatted away like old friends.
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Hawking the schoolboy was ... As a schoolboy
Hawking was ...
Hawking the schoolboy, the reverse of the more
common form, the schoolboy Hawking, is a case of
restrictive apposition of noun phrases. The
appositive preceded by the is a general word
restricted in meaning by the proper name.
e.g. Robinson the singer ( the singer
Robinson) Paul Jones the critic ( the critic
Paul Jones)
More to learn
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Hawking the schoolboy was ... As a schoolboy
Hawking was ...
A noun or a noun phrase can be added to another
noun or pronoun as further explanation, or
modifier, which is called apposition. An
appositive is usually placed after the preceding
noun, but sometimes in front of a noun or a
pronoun for emphasis.
e.g. A public figure, the actresss private
life is always the talk of the town. I was even
more alarmed when I saw who stepped from the car
the wife of Sir John Lavery, the celebrated
painter who lived nearby.
More to do
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Exercises Structure
VIII. Rewrite the following sentences.
1. Stephen Hawking is a star scientist in more
ways than one. He has achieved far more than most
people ever dream of. 2. Galileo was an Italian
mathematician and astronomer. He was the first
scientist to start using his eyes, both literally
and figuratively.
???? IIEx. IV, p. 174

• A star scientist in more ways than one, Stephen
  Hawking has achieved far more than most people
  ever dream of.

• An Italian mathematician and astronomer, Galileo
  was the first scientist to start using his eyes,
  both literally and figuratively.

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Exercises Structure
VIII. Rewrite the following sentences.
3. Hawking was a figure of classroom fun. He
spoke with a slight lisp inherited from his
father. 4. The Poetry Society is a group of
some forty students. It holds regular meetings
where the members recite their poems.

• A figure of classroom fun, Hawking spoke with a
  slight lisp inherited from his father.

• A group of some forty students, the Poetry
  Society holds regular meetings where the members
  recite their poems.

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Exercises Structure
VIII. Rewrite the following sentences.
5. Beijing is a fascinating combination of
ancient and modern China. It attracts huge
numbers of tourists from around the world every
year.

• A fascinating combination of ancient and modern
  China, Beijing attracts huge numbers of tourists
  from around the world every year.

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have something/nothing/anything/a lot/a little to
do with have some/ no/ any/ a lot/ a little
relation or connection with
e.g. His job has nothing to do with
telephones. Abstract art has little to do with
everyday experience.
Translate ????,???????????
Key Listen carefully, what I have said has a lot
to do with you.
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bother to do sth. trouble oneself to do sth.
If you do not bother to do something (usu. with a
negative), you do not do it because it would take
too much effort, or because it is unnecessary.
e.g. How are you going to learn if you dont
bother to listen? Unfortunately he didnt
bother to check the exact wording of the
contract before he signed it.
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knock off cause (sth.) to fall from a place
e.g. Just when I had put the glass safely down
on the table, the cat jumped up and knocked it
off. A snowball knocked his hat off. The blow
knocked him off his feet.
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with his head in the stars, working out
mathematical formulae
work out find an answer to (sth.) solve (sth.)
e.g. Can you work out this math problem for
me? No one can work out how the fire started.
Translation ??????????????????????
Key We are always hoping that a peaceful
solution can be worked out to solve the conflict.
More to learn
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with his head in the stars, working out
mathematical formulae
with his thoughts far, far away thinking about
solutions to mathematical problems
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Oxford has always had its share of eccentric
students, so Hawking fit right in.
have ones share of sth. have part of sth.
have the amount that is fair for sb.
e.g. Ive certainly had my share of
problems. Youve had more than your share of
that ice cream.
More to learn
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Oxford has always had its share of eccentric
students, so Hawking fit right in.
fit in be (precisely) suitable (to)
e.g. Its no surprise she is leaving the
course she never really fits in. They are
looking for someone young to join the team,
someone who fits in.
More to learn
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Oxford has always had its share of eccentric
students, so Hawking fit right in.
Paraphrase ?
Just like many other universities, Oxford also
has had some smart students who behaved in a
strange way, so Hawking felt as if he belonged
exactly to them.
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Text-related information
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Its also
known as Lou Gehrigs Disease is a progressive,
fatal disease of the motor neurons (nerve cells)
that control the skeletal muscles of the body.
The disease characteristically produces a wasting
away of the muscles that have lost their nerve
supply, resulting in weakening and paralysis.
There are also signs of spasticity, or stiffness,
of the muscles and exaggerated reflexes.
Eventually, ALS results in total paralysis and
respiratory failure. The senses and intellect are
not affected.
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take (sth.) for granted be so familiar with
(sth.) that one no longer appreciates its full
value treat (sth.) as unimportant
e.g. He just takes it for granted that the
house is tidy. Most young people take the
washing machine for granted because theyve never
lived without it.
Translation ?????????????
Key Dont take everything for granted.
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mind over matter (sometimes humor) control of
events or material objects by the power of the
mind
e.g. My grandfather firmly believed that he had
cured his own cancer through mind over
matter. Keeping to a strict diet is a question
of mind over matter.
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turn out to be happen to be in the end
e.g. That guy we met the other day turned out
to be Andys second cousin. His statement
turned out to be false.
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Text-related information
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Text-related information
69
be immune to not responsive to or affected by
(diseases, criticism, bad treatment, etc.)
e.g. Theyre always so rude that Ive already
become immune to it. My uncle seems to be
immune to colds he just never gets them.
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Guided Practice

• Vocabulary
• Cloze
• Translation
• Structure Writing

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Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given
below. Change the form where necessary.
???? IIEx. III, p. 170
1. Stephen Hawking soon proved himself to be a
scientist of great _____ and creativity.
? insight
2. Fear of making mistakes is one of the main
_____ to mastering spoken English.
? obstacles
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Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given
below. Change the form where necessary.
3. The disease affected his muscles and nervous
system and gradually _____ him.
? paralysed
4. Cloning, a technological breakthrough, _____
some serious ethical (???) problems.
? poses
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Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given
below. Change the form where necessary.
5. This book has been _____ a modern
masterpiece.
? proclaimed
6. The storms are _____ to reach the North of the
country tomorrow morning.
? predicted
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Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given
below. Change the form where necessary.
7. _____, his theories created a lot of
controversy in scientific circles, but now
theyre widely accepted.
? Initially
8. The old man lives alone and is rarely visited
by his neighbors, who consider him _____.
? eccentric
75
Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given
below. Change the form where necessary.
9. The government must take some measures to
narrow the _____ between the rich and the poor.
? gap
10. Although he knew he would _____ a great
fortune from his father, Richard was determined
to earn his own living.
? inherit
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Cloze
XII. This time some of the blanks in the exercise
should not be filled with any of the words from
the list below the only correct choice is to
leave them blank.
???? II Ex. XII, p. 175
77
Cloze
accompanying
Twelve graduate students are sitting around a
table in a restaurant near Cambridge. _____ them
is a 51-year-old man in a wheelchair, being fed
by a nurse. ____ his eyeglasses, his blue eyes
are bright, but his body looks terribly small and
weak he cannot speak and he breathes through a
plastic ____ in his throat. Each time the young
people _____ a question, the man responds with
____ movements of two fingers of one hand
almost the last physical freedom ______ to him.
He slowly spells ____his replies on a computer
that turns his words _____speech.
Behind
device
pose
awkward
remaining
out
into
78
Cloze
by
The students are fascinated _____spiritual
matters, and many of their questions concern
______ the origin of the universe, the laws that
____ it and the meaning of life. One asks Do
you believe _____ the existence of a God who
guides the universe? The man smiles slightly as
his fingers work _____the many keys and buttons
of his computer. The students await the reply in
concentrated silence, ____ their companion had
the ____ answer that would change their lives
forever. ___ the response comes, in the
computers strange metallic voice No.
X
govern
in
X
as if
ultimate
At last
79
Translation
XIV. Translate the following sentences into
English.
???? II Ex. XI, p. 174
80
Translation
1. ???????????????????????? ???????????
late 20th century
Be proclaimed
specialize in
Stephen Hawking, a British scientist specializing
in theoretical cosmology has been proclaimed the
greatest genius of the late 20th century.
81
Translation
2. ????????,???????????????? ????????
earn a place in
top-ten list
release
Every time he releases a new record, the singer
dreams of its/it earning a place in the
top-tenlist on the radio.
82
Translation
3. ???????????????????????
located
academic excellence
be well known/noted far and wide for
Located to the north west of London, Oxford
University is well known/noted far and wide for
its academic excellence.
83
Translation
4. ???????????,???????????? ????????
intellectual giant
be responsible for
new concept
An intellectual giant, Einstein was responsible
for modern mans new concept of time and space.
84
Translation
5. ???????????????????????? ??,???????????????????
??
be aimed at
the drugs in use
inherited blood diseases
This medical research is aimed at finding new
treatment for inherited blood diseases, because
the drugs now in use cannot cure these
complicated diseases.
85
Translation
6. ???????????????????????, ?????????????????????
one hundredth anniversary
specializing in the theoretical research
private school
This year is the one hundredth anniversary of the
founding of our university. A private school
initially, it has now become a world-famous
university specializing in the theoretical
research.
86
Translation
7. ???,??????????????????? ?????????????
won
scholarship
feel bored with
Two years ago, Bob was feeling bored with his job
as a restaurant manager. Luckily he won a
scholarship to the state university.
87
Translation
8. ???????????????????,???? ????????????????????
??? ?????,??????????????
he impressed me as
an instinctive insight into
the then Chairman of the Physics Department
Asked what kind of student Stephen was at
college, Prof. White, the then Chairman of the
Physics Department, recalls He impressed me as
a very bright student with an instinctive insight
into physics.
88
Structured Writing
Look at the following outline and a sample
paragraph of a general statement supported by
examples.
89
Structured Writing
No one is smart at everything or smart all the
time.
General statement No one/ smart at
everything/smart all the time.
Einstein, for instance, failed many classes in
grammar school because of his terrible spelling.
Example 1 Einstein/ instance/ failed many
classes/grammar school/his terrible spelling
And he was well known among his colleagues for
being forgetful. He was always losing his keys,
and one famous day he came to work with a clothes
hanger still inside his jacket.
Example 2 And/well known/his colleagues/being
forgetful/always losing his keys/one famous
day/came to work/a clothes hanger still inside
his jacket
90
Structured Writing
Here are some ideas for you to choose from to
write your own paragraph in the style of the
given example.
???? II Ex. XIV, p. 177
91
Structured Writing

• A detailed one
• General statement Some famous geniuses/ very
  surprising beliefs
• Example 1 Thomas Edison/ example/ sure/ magic
  creatures lived/his garden/never travelled/
  13th/ afraid/ bad luck
• Example 2 Another example/ Charles Darwin/
  claimed ghosts visited him every Sunday
• Other ones
• World leaders often have surprising habits and
  hobbies.
• Some men are very gifted at jobs usually
  considered womens work.
• My computer helps me a good deal in my work.

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Structured Writing
Sample Paragraph for the Detailed Outline
Some famous geniuses had very surprising beliefs.
Thomas Edison, for example, was sure that magic
creatures lived in his garden, and he never
traveled on the 13th because he was afraid it
would be bad luck. Another example is Charles
Darwin, who claimed ghosts visited him every
Sunday.
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Assignment

• Revision of Text A
• Translation Ex. XI p.174
• Cloze Ex. XII p.175
• Preview of Text B
• Ex. XV p. 178
• Ex. XVI p.184