A AS Psychology'' Key Studies

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A / AS Psychology.. Key Studies

• Developmental Psychology
• Key study
• Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961)

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Bandura, Ross Ross

• The Bobo Doll Study

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The Question

• The nature - nurture debate
• Do children learn behaviour from the behaviour
  they see around them?

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Specifically.

• Can aggressive behaviour be learned by
  observation?
• NB This was the study that triggered the TV
  violence debate

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Before we begin.

• 1 List two behaviours you think might be
  learned by watching others
• 2 List two behaviours you think could not be
  learned in this way

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• The participants
• 72 children (Stanford University nursery school)
• 36 boys 36 girls
• age range 37 months - 69 months
• Mean age 52 months

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• TWO adult role models
• one male and one female
• and a female experimenter

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• Method - an experiment
• there were three conditions
• 24 children in each condition

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• The THREE CONDITIONS
• Non aggressive condition
• Aggressive condition
• Control condition

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• Non aggressive condition
• and
• Aggressive condition
• There were male and female role models
• 12 children in each

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• Thus
• 6 boys saw aggressive male
• 6 boys saw non-aggressive male
• 6 boys saw aggressive female
• 6 boys saw non-aggressive female

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• Thus
• 6 girls saw aggressive female
• 6 girls saw non-aggressive female
• 6 girls saw aggressive male
• 6 girls saw non-aggressive male

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• Level 1 Independent Variable (IV)
• aggressive or non-aggressive role model
• Level 2 Independent variable (IV)
• Same sex or opposite sex role model

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• Write a TESTABLE two-tailed hypothesis for the
  study
• Write a TESTABLE one-tailed hypothesis for the
  study

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• In order to ensure that each group contained
  equally aggressive children they were all rated
  for aggression before the experiment
• rated on -
• physical aggression, verbal aggression
• aggression to inanimate objects
• aggression inhibition (self control)

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• What happened then?
• Children taken one at a time
• Phase one of the experiment
• Modelling the behaviour phase

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• What happened then?
• Phase two of the experiment
• The AROUSAL phase
• This was necessary to provoke the children

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• What happened then?
• Phase three of the experiment
• The OBSERVATION phase

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• What was observed?
• The criteria
• Imitative aggression
• Non-imitative aggression
• physical verbal

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• The results
• IMITATION - the children in the aggressive
  condition imitated many of the modelled physical
  and verbal aggressive behaviours
• they also imitated non-aggressive behaviours

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• The results
• IMITATION - the children in the NON- aggressive
  condition imitated very few of the modelled
  behaviour
• 70 had zero scores

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• The results
• NON-IMITATION
• the children in the aggressive condition
  displayed MUCH more non-imitative (non-copied)
  aggressive behaviour

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• The results
• NON-AGGRESSIVE CONDITION
• the children in the non-aggressive condition
  spent more time playing with the toys (dolls etc)
  also more time doing nothing

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• GENDER RESULTS
• Boys imitated more physical aggression (but not
  verbal)

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• GENDER RESULTS
• Boys more aggressive after watching MALE
  aggressive model
• Girls more aggressive after watching FEMALE
  aggressive model

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• The conclusion
• Learning can take place by observation
• no classical or operant conditioning
• Children more likely to learn from same sex
  models

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• The conclusion
• Bandura suggested Freuds theory of
  identification may be used to explain how
  learning took place
• Which of Freuds stages might these children have
  been in?

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• Thinking about BPS guidelines
• WAS THIS STUDY ETHICAL?
• What are the issues?
• If not ethical WHY not?

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• Thinking about methodology
• Does this study have ecological validity?
• If not ecologically valid - why not?

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• Thinking about the participants
• To whom can we generalise the findings?

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• The debate as regards children learning
  aggressive behaviour from watching violence on TV
• How might watching TV differ from the experience
  of the children in the Bandura experiment?

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• There were four predictions
• (hypotheses) in this
• MATCHED SUBJECTS experiment
• What were they?

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Bandura Ross Ross The BOBO doll study

• The end