Brown Bag Buildings

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Brown Bag Buildings

• David E. Culler
• Building Innovations Workshop
• Feb 24, 2009

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What they say about buldings

• The Numbers Tell the Story
• 370 Billion
• Total U.S. Annual Energy Costs
• 200
• Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since
  1990
• 40
• Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings
• 72
• Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings
• 55
• Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings

Source U.S. Department of Energy 2007 Building
Energy Data Book. Sept 2007
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Buildings Matter!
Buildings construction/renovation contributed
9.5 to US GDP and employs approximately 8
million people. Buildings utility bills totaled
370 Billion in 2005. Buildings use 72 of the
electricity and 55 of the nations natural gas.
Source Buildings Energy Data Book 2007
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EPA Nat Action Plan for Energy Efficiency

• 30 of energy consumed in buildings is wasted
• 66 electrical, 34 gas and other
• 15.5 kWh per square foot

2003 EIA Commercial Building Consumption Survey
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How bout Berkeley Buildings?
Stanley
LSA
Cory
McCone
Soda
Koshland
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SodaGreen?

• 511 kw average power consumption
• 4.5 M kwh per year
• 41.2 kwh/sq ft annually
• 3 times national average

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State of the Art Building Energy Monitoring
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With a little programming
Do nothing well
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Peaks or Baseline?
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Where does it all go?

• Lighting?
• Heating, Ventilation and Cooling (HVAC)?
• Plug Loads desktops, laptops, kitchenettes?
• Servers?
• Microfab?

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Structural Soda Electrical
Lighting Pumps Fans
Machine Rooms
Offices
Classrooms
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Structural Soda HVAC
Cooling Towers

• Blow cold air throughout building
• Maintain circulation
• Adjust cooling with vents and VFDs
• Heat it where needed
• AC determined by needs of the worst heat load
• Comm closet

Fans
530
420
340
287
288
290
Machine Room ACCs
Pumps
2x chillers
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SCADA portion

• 1300 sense / ctrl points in Soda Hall
• Vast database of action / effect
• No science to turning all the knobs

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Some initial steps

• When you dont (cant) have the sensors you want,
  get as much as you can with the ones you have.
• Take inventory
• Build models
• Point measurements
• Sample in time, space, population

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Blueprint Analysis of Lighting
Total Provisioning 193 kVA How much is Active?
Idle?
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HVAC components

• Chillers 2 x 130 kw
• Colling Towers 2 x 33.2 kw
• Computer Room units 12 x 45 kVA
• AHU SF 3.2 kw
• AHU RF 2.3 kw
• Economizers 4 x 2.6 kw 2.1 1.4
• Supply fans 4 x 2.3 kw 1.4
• Pumps 2 x 9.3 kw 2 x 14 kw
• Compressors 2 x 5 kw
• - Its all duty cycle

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Estimating the Server Load

• Forsake temporal dimension
• Inventory the servers
• Measure their idle and active power
• Estimate total load

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Research Server Rooms - 443 Machines
Ganglia
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Server Power Consumption

• Do nothing well

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Putting it Together

• x 1/PDU efficiency ACC
• If Pidle 0 wed save 125 kw x 24 hours x 365

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Breaking Soda down
HVAC Plug Loads
Lighting
HVAC / CRU / PDU support
Servers / Clusters
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Plug Loads

• 1178 Hosts (desktops, laptops, switches) in
  network database
• Power profile, duty cycle?
• Kitchens
• Projectors

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Subset (plugs) of a region (RAD lab)
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Working up from the leaves
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Sample of the RAD Lab population
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Rad Lab Power Usage (72 hours)
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Guess this load
Active Power
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Guess this Load
Half the idle power!
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Guess this Load

• Active power actually depends on what it is doing
• Actually sleeps!
• Midnight madness

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Guess this Load
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Guess this Load
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Guess this Load
Not so big and beautiful, But a whole lot
greener! Busy person
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Guess this Load
Desktop monitor
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Guess this Load
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Guess this Load
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Guess this Load
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Guess this Load
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Guess this Load
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Guess this Load
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Guess this Load
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Guess this Load
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Guess this Load
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Composite Power Picture
inauguration
Projector left On
Desktop Idle
Clean Shutdown
Monitor On, Unplugged
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The Rad Lab Power Pie
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Relationship to the Bigger Picture
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UCB today

• Consumes 210 M kwh annually campus
  sustainability assessment
• Buildings measured _at_ 130 M kwh annually
  demandless
• approx 13 M
• Top 15 buildings are 2-4 time national average
  khw/sq ft and constitute 58 of the 130 M
• IT is a big part of the problem
• IT can potentially be a big part of the solution
• We need to gain most of the reduction by
  utilizing existing facilities better
• Physical Information processing to identify
  where the energy goes, what to change and how.
• Big gains come from changing behavior, and this
  is most effective from the bottom up.
• IT is key to providing the energy awareness to
  guide action

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Auto-DR Study
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Further evidence that behavior matters

• 3x difference in consumption for same setting

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Staged Energy Awareness

• Export existing facilities instrumentation into
  real-time feed and archival physical information
  base
• Retain isolation of facilities control
• Augment with usage-focused sensing
• Numerous emerging products, possible flagship
• Create highly visible consumer feedback and
  remediation guidance
• Think Pruis, not web page. Localized solutions.
• Sponsor whole-building dynamic models
• Expect it to generate maintenance work orders

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Resources

• http//www.demandless.org/building/
• http//www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/sector-me
  eting/4bi_officebuilding.pdf
• http//sustainability.berkeley.edu/
• http//acme.cs.berkeley.edu/