Plant Structure

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Plant Structure

• Cells
• Tissue
• Tissue Systems
• Organs
• Whole Plant Body

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Plant Cells
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Plant Cell Components

• Nucleus
• Protoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Golgi Bodies
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Vacuoles

• Chloroplasts
• Cell Wall

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Plant Cell
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Plant Tissue

• Meristematic Tissue
• Permanent Tissue
• Simple Tissue
• Complex Tissue

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Meristematic Tissue

• Apical Meristems - main axis
• Vascular Cambium - continuous around plant
• Cork Cambium - continuous in cortex
• Lateral Meristems - new lateral shoots

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Apical Meristematic Tissue
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Permanent Simple Tissue

• Parenchyma
• Collenchyma
• Sclerenchyma

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Permanent Complex Tissue

• Xylem - Water and mineral conducting tissue,
  non-living
• Tracheids, Vessels and Fibers
• Phloem - Conducts sugars to stems and roots from
  leaves
• Sieve Elements and Companion Cells

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Xylem
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Vascular System-Woody Dicot
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X-Section - Woody Dicot
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Pine Stem X-Section
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Pine Stem X-Section
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Pine-Cutaway Section
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Vascular System - Monocot
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Vascular Bundle
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Plant Structure

• Vascular System
• Cortex
• Epidermis

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Vascular System

• Xylem
• Phloem

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Cortex

• Equal to Frame and Insulation of a House
• Cork Cambium formation of cork via
  suberization
• Lenticels- Rough and ruptured areas on stem, use
  for gas exchange

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Epidermis

• Single layer of cells enveloping plant.
• Surface of rose petals
• Root hair cells
• Stomata

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Root Hair Cell
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Stomata

• Openings on the undersides of leaves made up of
  two guard cells. Involved in the process of
  transpiration.

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Stomata
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Plant Stems

• Central Axis of plant which supports vital
  organs.
• Above Ground
• Underground

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Above Ground Stems

• Support
• leaves,
• buds,
• flowers

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Roots

• Tap
• Fibrous
• Fleshy
• Tuberous

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Root Functions

• Anchorage
• Storage
• Water and nutrient uptake

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Above Ground Modified Stems

• Runners, Stolons
• Spurs
• Suckers
• Water Sprouts (epicormic)

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Underground Stems

• Bulbs
• Corms
• Rhizomes
• Tubers

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Tunicate Bulbs
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Scaly Bulb
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Corm
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Rhizome
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Tulip Grower
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Field of Tulips
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Leaves

• Primary Purpose Photosynthesis
• Consists of Blade and Petiole and Stipule

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Leaf Blade Cross-Section
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(No Transcript)
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Flowers

• Reproductive Organs, usually dependent on
  pollination naturally by insects.
• Sight
• Odor

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Flowers
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Flower Types

• Complete
• Incomplete
• Perfect
• Staminate
• Pistillate

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Flower Structure
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Flower Parts

• Pistil (Female)
• Stigma surface for pollen
• Style supports stigma
• Ovary - fertilization

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Flower Parts

• Stamens (Male)
• Anthers pollen
• Filament supports anther

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Flower parts

• Petals Corolla (collective) most obvious parts
  of flower
• Sepals Calyx (collective) green leaf-like
  structures, encase flower in bud.
• Receptacle supports ovary and rest of floral
  structures

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Fruit

• Mature Ovary
• simple-derived from a single ovary
• aggregate-many pistils on a common receptacle
• multiple-many closely clustered flowers

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Seed

• Mature Ovule
• Parts
• Seed Coat
• Endosperm
• Embryo

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Plant Growth

• Photosynthesis
• 6CO2 6H2O ---Light--- C6H12O6 6O2
• Respiration
• C6H12O6 6O2 ------ 6CO2 6H2O Energy in the
  form of ATP and NADPH

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Photosynthesis
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Chloroplast
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Chloroplast
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Photosynthetic Reactions

• Light Reactions
• ATP and NADPH formed, O2 liberated
• Dark Reactions
• Calvin Cycle, C6H12O6 formed

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Light Reactions
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Dark Reactions
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Dark Reactions
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Dark Reactions
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Calvin Cycle
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Photosynthetic Action Spectrum
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Light Spectrum
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Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

• Light Quantity - Intensity
• Light Quality - Spectral Quality
• CO2 Levels
• Water
• Temperature-Biochemical Reactions
• Age of Plant Tissue