Metabolism

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Metabolism Energy requirements

• Appetite
• the psychological need for food
• Satiety
• the physiological psychological state when
  there is no longer a desire to eat
• Hypothalamus gland
• regulates hunger feeding satiety

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1. Energy Metabolism

• How we break down foods to be used as energy
• all foods eaten break down into nutrients
  provide energy to the body
• nutrients provide varying amounts of energy

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2. Fuel Values of Food

• Energy used by the body is expressed in terms of
  the calorie.
• Energy produced by nutrients is measured in terms
  of heat
• which is also called a calorie.
• the metric measurement of energy is a kilojoule.

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

• a method used to estimate ideal body weight
• calculated as follows
• BMI body weight (in kilograms)
• height (in meters squared)
• BMI has a direct relationship to morbidity
  (incidence of disease)
• mortality in studies of large populations
• IF BMI exceeds 30, there are increased obesity
  related health risks.

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3. Basal Metabolism

• Definition the minimum amount of energy (of
  cal.) that the body needs
• to support itself when awake,
• resting
• This is the energy required to do involuntary
  work of the body
• Such as breathing, blood flow, heart beat

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A. Average BMR

• Average adult woman is
• 1200-2100 kcals .9 kcal/kg/hr
• Average adult man is
• 1900 3000 kcals 1.0 kcal/kg/hr
• BMR Can be assessed by
• body size composition,
• gender, age

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B. BMR is affected by

• gender
• body temperature
• thyroid hormone levels
• age
• nutritional state
• pregnancy
• caffeine tobacco usage

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Total Energy RequiredCombines BMR Muscular
Activity

• is affected by calories taken in
• energy output
• type of activity ? some burn more calories
• body weight heavier people require more
  calories to do the same activity

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Energy need of the individual

• Basal Metabolic Rate
• age, gender, body composition
• level of activity
• climate
• sleep
• health

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C. Energy Balance

• the balance between
• energy intake energy output
• (calories taken in)
  (calories burned in normal metablic activities
  
• exercise)
• When a person is in energy balance
• his / her weight will be maintained, or stay the
  same

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Estimation of Energy needs

• change lbs to kg
• 150lb divided by 2.2 68kg
• Multiply by the BMR factor
• Men x1, or women x.9
• 68 x1 68kcal /hr.
• Multiply kcal/hr by hours/day
• 68 x 24 1632kcal / day
• therefore the calories or energy need for 150lb.
• male for one day would 1632kcal / day

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Part IIInterrelated Causes of Overweight

• simple overeating types of food, amount
  habits
• social routine
• psychological /emotional
• physical / genetic / hormonal
• lack of activity
• repeated dieting weight gain yoyo diets

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Dangers of Obesity

• heart disease
• cancer
• type 2 diabetes
• stress on joints
• gallbladder disease

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Fad diets

• advertise easy rapid weight loss
• no major changes in lifestyle
• temporary measures
• peer pressure to conform
• usually limit food selections / portions
• recommend usage of expensive supplements

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Reasons for High Failure of Fad diets

• expense
• monotonous
• slow weight loss
• inflexibility of diet for lifestyle
• health hazards

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Characteristics of a Good Energy-Controlled Food
Intake

• the best recommendation is not too focus on a
  particular weight
• or what you should weigh
• focus on a healthy lifestyle
• (healthy food, exercise, positive thinking,
  alternate methods to cope with stress, other than
  eating)

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Recommendations

• plan includes all 4 food groups
• include ordinary available foods
• recommend more physical activity
• manage portion control
• adjust for different ages activity levels
• gradual weight loss
• no supplements needed
• recommend a Dr. or Rd for consultation
• teach/learn new food habits lifestyle
• adequate fiber intake

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Exercise as part of the program

• helps to reduce muscle loss
• improves cardiovascular fitness
• helps to increase bone density
• reduces stress boredom
• helpful for managing moods

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Designing a Fitness Program

• identify your current level of fitness
• write out short long term fitness goals
• be realistic about the frequency, intensity
  duration of your workouts
• design a fitness program around activities you
  enjoy
• have a stress test done if you are at risk of
  cardiopulmonary disease
• reward yourself for sticking to your program

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Do not plan to

• have a whole new body in weeks
• adopt someone elses goals
• plunge into an exercise program without assessing
  your current fitness
• feel stuck with an exercise you dislike
• expect to be a dynamo every time you exercise
  not all days are stars

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Underweight

• need to determine cause have a treatment plan
  developed ASAP
• E.D. occur in men older women but most common
  is adolescent girls
• Treatment the person must be encouraged to
  admit they have a problem to seek treatment

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Treatment of E.D.

• the sooner the treatment is started, the better
  the chance of full recovery
• most common treatment
• is a high protein, high caloric diet in order to
  increase body weight
• E.D. considered a mental disorder
• psychotherapy medical nutrition therapy are
  cornerstones of treatment

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Anorexia Restrictor

• The psychological denial of appetite
• Characteristics
• think theyre in control of life diet
• restrict food intake
• distorted body image
• appear very thin - fear of obesity
• males over exercise
• denial of any appetite
• extreme weight loss

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Anorexia

• Physical Appearance
• loss of fat ankle edema
• bruised
• dry skin dermatitis around mouth
• tooth decay
• peripheral cyanosis

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Anorexia

• Complaints
• feels cold fainting spells
• fatigue - insomnia
• constipation - diarrhea
• cessation of menses
• reduced libido

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Diagnostic Criteria

• refusal to maintain weight at a minimum level
• intense fear of gaining weight even though they
  are underweight
• distorted body image I am so fat
• absence of 3 consecutive menses
• use of purging exercise to lose weight

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Bulimia

• A destructive pattern of excessive eating
  followed by purging behaviours to control
  weight
• Characteristics
• have lost total control of diet
• use a system of binge-purge
• feelings of guilt for eating
• appear very thin
• maybe slightly overweight
• use laxatives or throw up to control weight

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Physical Appearance

• depressed after eating
• from vomiting dental decay oral trauma
• horse voice, esophagitis, pharyngitis,
• esophageal rupture
• from laxative abuse GI complaints
• irritable colon, rashes
• from diuretic abuse dehydration
• fatigue weakness

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Diagnostic Criteria

• recurrent binges
• feeling of no control
• when eating binge
• regular use of vomiting, laxatives,
• dieting, exercise
• minimum of 2 binges/wk.,
• 3 month at least
• obsessed with body weight
• may eat secretly