The Nonproteobacteria GramNegative Bacteria

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The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria

• Includes G- bacteria that are not closely related
  to
• proteobacteria
• Includes several physiologically and
  morphologically
• distinctive photosynthetic bacteria

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Cyanobacteria

• Blue-green algae
• Gliding motility
• Oxygenic photosynthesis
• Fossil evidence indicates that they may be
  responsible for oxygenated atmosphere
• Many species fix nitrogen
• heterocysts
• Adaptable to nutrient poor environments
• Fix nitrogen and CO2

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Cyanobacteria
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Purple and Green Photosynthetic Bacteria

• Anoxygenic photosynthesis
• produces sulfur rather than oxygen
• Purple and green sulfur bacteria

oxygenic
light
2H2O CO2
(CH2O) H2O O2
anoxygenic
light
2H2S CO2
(CH2O) H2O 2S0
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Chlamydiae

• Chlamydia species are gram (-) coccoid
• Transmitted by direct contact or airborne
• C. trachomatis
• Trachoma
• Leading cause of preventable blindness
• STD, nongonococcal urethritis
• most common STD in the U.S.
• C. pneumoniae
• mild form on pneumonia
• C. psittaci
• psittacosis or ornothosis
• transmitted from birds

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Life Cycle of Clamydia
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Spirochaetes

• Coiled morphology like a metal spring
• Motility with axial filaments
• Treponema T. pallidum causes syphilis
• Borrelia Lyme disease transmitted by ticks or
  lice
• Leptospira Leptospirosis from contaminated
  water

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Bacteroidetes

• Anaerobic rods
• Prevotella
• Bacteroides
• non-motile found in gingival crevices and large
  intestine
• 1 billion/gram of feces
• Frequently recovered from deep tissue infections
• Infections usually caused by puncture wounds or
  surgery
• Cytophaga
• gliding motility cellulose and chitin degraders
  in soil

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Fusobacteria

• Fusobacterium
• Anerobic
• Often pleomorphic or spindle shaped
• Found in gingival crevices
• May be involved in dental abscesses

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Gram Positive Bacteria

• Grouped based on C G ratio (nitrogen bases
  cytosine and guanine)
• Divided into 2 groups
• Firmicutes (low C G )
• Actinobacteria (High C G)

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Firmicutes

• Low G C ratio

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Clostridiales

• Clostridium
• Endospore-producing
• Obligate anaerobes
• C. tenani tetanus
• C. botulinum - botulism
• C. perfringens -food borne illness and gas
  gangrene
• Epulopiscium
• Very large bacteria
• Endosymbiont in surgeonfish
• Unique morphology and physiology

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Bacillales

• Bacillus
• Endospore-producing rods
• Obligate or facultative anaerobes
• B. anthracis- anthrax
• B. thuringiensis insecticide
• B. cereus - food borne illness from contaminated
  rice

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• Staphylococcus - grapelike clusters of cocci
• S. aureus - facultative anaerobes
• toxic shock syndrome
• surgical wound infections
• common inhabitant of skin and the nasal cavity
• grows in foods with high osmotic pressure
• produces enterotoxin that induces vomiting

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Lactobacillales

• aerotolerant anaerobes
• lack an electron-transport chain
• Lactobacillus
• lactic acid fermenting rod
• common in vagina, intestinal tract, and oral
  cavity
• used commercially in the production of pickles,
  buttermilk, and yogurt

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• Streptococcus
• chains of cocci
• responsible for more illnesses than any other
  group of bacteria
• S. pyogenes - flesh eating bacteria scarlet
  fever, pharyngitis, impetigo, and rheumatic fever
• S. mutans- primary cause of dental caries
• S. pneumoniae - most common cause of pneumonia

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• Enterococcus
• Found in GI track, vagina and mouth
• High nutrients. Low oxygen
• Large numbers in stool that persist in
  environment
• E. faecalis and E. faecium are common causes of
  nosocomial UTI and surgical wound infections
• Listeria
• L. monocytogenes contaminates dairy products
• Psychrotroph that survives inside a phagocyte
• stillbirths and birth defects if ingested by a
  pregnant woman

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Mycoplasmatales

• Wall-less, highly pleomorphic
• Very small (0.1 - 0.24 µm)
• Can produce filaments
• M. pneumoniae mild form of pneumonia
• Ureaplasma UTI
• Spiroplasma plant pathogen

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Actinobacteria

• High G C

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Actinobacteria

• Actinomyces
• Corynebacterium
• Frankia
• Gardnerella
• Mycobacterium
• Nocardia
• Propionibacterium
• Streptomyces

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• Mycobacterium acid fast aerobic rods
• non-endospore former
• M. tuberculosis tuberculosis
• M. leprae - leprosy
• Corynebacterium pleomorphic morphology varies
  with age
• C. diphtheriae diphtheria
• phage infection required to produce toxin
  (specialized transduction)

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• Propionibacterium propionic acid fermenter
• Important in fermetation of swiss cheese
• P. acnes is commonly found on human skin primary
  cause of bacterial acne
• Gardnerella- gram variable highly plemorphic
• G. vaginalis bacterial vaginitis

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• Frankia form nitrogen fixing root nodules in
  alder trees
• Streptomyces common soil bacteria
• most antibiotics are produced by these species
• about 500 known species
• asexual spores (conidospores)

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• Actinomyces facultative anaerobes
• mouth and throat of humans and animals
• A. israelii - actinomycosis (tissue-destroying
  disease affecting the head, neck, or lungs)
• Nocardia aerobic often acid fast
• common in soil
• N. asteroides - chronic pulmonary infections that
  are difficult to treat

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Domain Archaea

• Frequently inhabit extreme environments
• Hyperthermophiles
• Pyrodictium
• Sulfolobus
• Methanogens
• Methanobacterium
• Extreme halophiles
• Halobacterium
• Halococcus