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More Microgrids Advanced Architectures and
Control Concepts STREP Proposal Nikos
Hatziargyriou, nh_at_power.ece.ntua.gr National
Technical University of Athens
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What are MICROGRIDS?

Interconnection of small, modular generation to
low voltage distribution systems can form a new
type of power system, the MicroGrid. MicroGrids
can be operated connected to the main power
network or islanded, similar to power systems of
physical islands, in a controlled, coordinated
way .
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Technical, economic and environmental benefits

• Energy efficiency
• Minimisation of the overall energy consumption
• Improved environmental impact
• Improvement of energy system reliability and
  resilience
• Network benefits
• Cost efficient electricity infrastructure
  replacement strategies
• Cost benefit assessment

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Technical Challenges for Microgrids

• Relatively large imbalances between load and
  generation to be managed (significant load
  participation required, need for new
  technologies, review of the boundaries of
  microgrids)
• Specific network characteristics (strong
  interaction between active and reactive power,
  control and market implications)
• Small size (challenging management)
• Use of different generation technologies (prime
  movers)
• Presence of power electronic interfaces
• Protection and Safety

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Market and Regulatory Challenges

• coordinated but decentralised energy trading and
  management
• market mechanisms to ensure efficient, fair and
  secure supply and demand balancing
• development of price-based energy and ancillary
  services arrangements for congestion management
• secure and open access to the network and
  efficient allocation of network costs
• alternative ownership structures, energy service
  providers
• new roles and responsibilities of supply company,
  distribution company, and consumer/customer

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CARE and MORE CARE Advanced Control Advice for
Power Systems with Large-Scale Integration of
Renewable Energy SourcesDGXII RD Programmes,
JOR3-CT96-0119 ERK5-CT1999-00019

• Minimise production costs through unit commitment
  and on-line economic dispatch of both
  conventional and RES.
• Provide short-term forecasts of the load and the
  renewable sources.
• Maximise power system security by on-line
  security assessment modules, that supervise
  scheduling of the power units and monitor the
  system security margin.
• Installation of pilot control system on Crete,
  Madeira, Ireland (Wind Forecasting modules)

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MICROGRIDS Project
Large Scale Integration of Micro-Generation to
Low Voltage Grids Contract ENK5-CT-2002-00610

• GREAT BRITAIN
• UMIST
• URENCO
• PORTUGAL
• EDP
• INESC
• SPAIN
• LABEIN
• NETHERLANDS
• EMforce
• USA
• EPRI

• GREECE
• GERMANOS
• ICCS/NTUA
• PPC /NAMDRESD
• GERMANY
• SMA
• ISET
• FRANCE
• EDF
• Ecole des Mines de Paris/ARMINES
• CENERG

14 PARTNERS, 7 COUNTRIES
UMIST URENCO
ISET
SMA
ARMINES
EDF
CENERG
LABEIN
INESC EDP
ICCS / NTUA GERMANOS
PPC/NAMDRESD
EPRI
http//microgrids.power.ece.ntua.gr
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The MicroGrids Project

• RD Objectives
• Contribute to increase the share of renewables
  and to reduce GHG emissions
• Study the operation of MicroGrids in normal and
  islanding conditions
• Optimize the operation of local generation
  sources
• Develop and demonstrate control strategies to
  ensure efficient, reliable and economic
  operation
• Simulate and demonstrate a MicroGrid in lab
  conditions
• Define protection and grounding schemes
• Define communication infrastructure and
  protocols
• Identify legal, administrative and regulatory
  barriers and propose measures to eliminate them

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• MICROGRIDS - 9 Workpackages
• Investigation of Regulatory, Commercial,
  Economic and Environmental Issues
• Development of Steady State and Dynamic
  Simulation Tools
• Development of Local Micro Source Controllers
• Development of Micro Grid Central Controller
• Development of Emergency Functions
  
• Investigation of Safety and Protection
• Investigation of Telecommunication
  Infrastructures and Communication
  Protocols
• Development of Laboratory MicroGrids
  
• Analysis of the system performance on study
  case networks
  

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MicroGrids Highlights

• Islanding and interconnected operation philosophy
• Control philosophies (hierarchical, centralized)
• Energy management within and outside of the
  distributed power system
• Device and interface response and intelligence
  requirements
• Permissible expenditure and quantification of
  reliability benefits
• protection options for networks of variable
  configurations
• Steady State and Dynamic Analysis Tools

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MicroGrids Hierarchical Control MicroGrid
Central Controller (MGCC) promotes technical and
economical operation, provides set points to LC
and MC Interface with loads and micro sources
and DMS MC and LC Controllers interfaces to
control interruptible loads and micro sources
(active and reactive generation levels).

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Further Needs Identified

• ?ore sophisticated control techniques for local
  Distributed Resource and load controllers to
  implement
• Study of integration of several Microgrids into
  operation and development of the power system.
  Interaction with DMS.
• Need for standardization and benchmarking.
• Field trials to test control strategies on actual
  ?icrogrids
• Need for quantification of Microgrids effects on
  Power sysetm operation and planning
• Need for cooperation and learning from
  alternative, complementary approaches, under
  development in US, Canada and Japan

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Scientific and Technical Objectives

• Design new micro source controllers to provide
  efficient integration into microgrids
• Transition from interconnected to islanded
  operation provides challenging frequency control
  problems. Close coupling of active-reactive power
  in LV networks complicates voltage control.
• Alternative designs
• Inverter dominated microgrids are not
  necessarily subject to the same frequency
  limitations, as traditional power systems. The
  advantages of operation at variable frequencies
  or even fully dc operated microgrids need to be
  investigated.

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Scientific and Technical Objectives

• Development of alternative control strategies
  (hierarchical versus distributed)
• Several levels of decentralization can be
  applied, ranging from a fully decentralized
  approach to a hierarchical control.
  Next-generation communications infrastructure
  needs to be investigated.
• Field trials of alternative control and
  management strategies
• Evaluation of the control strategies
  developed and tested in laboratory on actual
  Microgrids. Islanded operation is a major
  challenge.
• Standardisation of technical and commercial
  protocols and hardware
• For mass scale development of Microgrids,
  standards of technical and commercial protocols
  that will allow plug and play capabilities.

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Scientific and Technical Objectives

• Technical and commercial integration in system
  operation
• Integration of Migrogrids into the system
  operation, with millions of active participants,
  requires radically new structures and practices
  to make possible co-ordinated but de-centralised
  markets for energy and services.
• Impact on the development of electricity network
  infrastructures
• Large penetration of micro generation will
  have a massive impact on the future operation and
  development of electricity networks. Microgrids
  must become a key part of the overall network
  reinforcement and replacement strategy of the
  aging EU electricity infrastructure.

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Workpackages

• WPA . Design of micro source and load
  controllers for efficient integration
• WPB. Development of Alternative Control
  Strategies (hierarchical vs. distributed)
  (emphasis on De-centralized MAS technologies)
• WPC. Alternative Microgrids Designs
• WPD. Technical and Commercial Integration of
  Multi-Microgrids
• WPE. Standardization of Technical and Commercial
  Protocols and Hardware
• WPF. Field trials on actual Microgrids (4 to 5)
• WPG . Evaluation of the system performance on
  power system operation (Germany, Italy, Denmark,
  Netherlands, UK, Portugal, Greece, Poland)
• WPH. Impact on the Development of Electricity
  Infrastructures (expansion Planning) (Germany,
  Italy, Denmark, Netherlands, UK, Portugal,
  Greece, Poland)

Budget 4.5 ME (EC support)
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THE CONSORTIUM
19 Partners
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The Kythnos Microgrid - CRES
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Pilot plant on Kythnos Testing Control

• Supply of 12 buildings (EC projects MORE and
  PV-Mode)

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Holiday-Parc Bronsbergen, Zutphen, The
Netherlands - CONTINUON

• More then 200 cottages. A great number equipped
  with PV-generators (315 kW), coupled to the grid
  by means of inverters

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EDP Study Case
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Microturbine Testing Transfer