RFID

1
Networking and Interfacing with the physical
world
2008.12.1. Yong-Woon KIM qkim_at_etri.re.kr
2
Things in the Internet of things
I
Breathing life into the things
II
Networking for the things RFID networks
III
Networking for the things Sensor networks
IV
Ubiquitous networking
V
Ubiquitous computing
VI
Conclusions
VII
3
Things in the Internet of things

• Direct targets
• Everything physical

• Indirect targets
• Everything virtual
• Ex. News content
• Proxy required to be physical

The thing virtual
Proxy
4
Things in the Internet of things

• Direct targets
• Everything physical

• Indirect targets
• Everything virtual
• Ex. Lecture content
• Proxy required to be physical

The thing virtual
Proxy
5
Things in the Internet of things

• Direct targets
• Everything physical

• Indirect targets
• Everything virtual
• Ex. Movie content
• Proxy required to be physical

The thing virtual
Proxy
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Breathing life into the things

• Enablers
• Barcode, RFID, sensor, smartcard, etc.

The thing virtual
Proxy
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Networking for the things RFID networks

• Store and factory scopes

Local DB
RFID terminal
Use case convenient store
RFID tag
Computer
RFID terminals
Local DB
RFID tag
Local Network
Computer
Use case manufacturing control
8
Networking for the things RFID networks

• Nation-wide and multi-national enterprise scopes

SCM/Logistics
Warehouse mgmt
Manufacturing control
RFID terminals
Shelf inventories
Local / Global Network
POS
RFID tag
Enterprise System
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Networking for the things RFID networks

• B2B scope

Code resolution server
Local network
Local network
Internet
B2B
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Networking for the things RFID networks

• B2C scope

Code resolution server
Contents Providers
Service Provider
Internet
Code resolution server
WAP/Web Servers
WAP/Web Servers
B2C
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Networking for the things RFID networks

• B2B2C scope

WAP/Web servers
Code resolution server
Service Provider
Local network
Internet
Broker/Gateway
B2B2C
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Networking for the things RFID networks

• B2C/B2B2C The things talk to consumers through
  RFID networks.

Objects and RFID tags
Contents providers
Dosage, side-effects, expiry date, etc.
Drugs
Consumers
Relevant movies, author, summary, etc.
Books
Video tapes
Trailer, synopsis, booking, etc.
RFID interrogator-equipped cell phone
Preview, music video, singer, etc.
Audio CDs
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Networking for the things Sensor networks

• What are these?

Answer sensors
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Networking for the things Sensor networks

• How can sensor data be transmitted?

Answer up to you!
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Networking for the things Sensor networks

• How can sensor data be transmitted?

Sensor network case
Answer up to you!
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Networking for the things Sensor networks

• Here are three points
• Sensing physical or environmental conditions
• Transmitting sensor information and
• Cooking the sensor information.

Sensing
Transmitting
Cooking
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Networking for the things Sensor networks

• We are focusing on
• How to transmit sensor data and
• How to cook sensor data.
• A use case of transmitting and cooking sensor
  data
• Sensor is built in a machine.
• Machine-to-Machine communication is needed.
• A network is established .
• It is called a sensor network.
• A sensor network is realized with applications.
• Home control against fire, gas, burglar, electric
  leakage, etc.

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Networking for the things Sensor networks

• How to establish a sensor network?
• Answer Wire-line or Wireless
• Wire-line sensor networks
• There are so many use cases.
• Networking techniques RS-232, RS-422, RS-485,
  PLC, etc.
• Wireless sensor networks
• There are many existing use cases. But theyre
  made by proprietary solutions.
• Now standardized ways have emerged as hot topics
  and a new term, WSN (Wireless Sensor Network),
  was made for technology and business marketing.
• PHY/MAC networking techniques IEEE 802.15.4,
  802.15.3, etc.
• Multi-hop networking techniques ZigBee, 6LoWPAN,
  etc.

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Networking for the things Sensor networks

• Use case Structural health monitoring

• Attaching structural health monitoring sensors
  (vibration, temp., slope change, etc.)
• Collecting and analyzing sensed information via
  sensor network
• Properties fixed sensors, pre-defined and lined
  configuration, outdoor, etc.

Sensed data
Sensor networks
Monitoring and management
DB Server
Source NIA, Korea, 2006.
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Networking for the things Sensor networks

• Use case Agriculture monitoring and management

• Monitoring current cultivation conditions and
  managing optimal conditions for plants
• Properties fixed sensors, mesh topology,
  periodic data gathering, etc.

sensor data
Sensor Network
Collecting and analyzing
Management for optimal conditions
Source NIA, Korea, 2006.
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Networking for the things Sensor networks

• City facilities management

• Monitoring city facilities conditions
• Properties fixed sensors, pre-configured
  topology, underground, etc.

lt Water gt
lt Sewage gt
? 500m
Road conditions management
underground facilities management

• Management center
• Collecting and analyzing sensor data
• Detecting leakages, fatigue, etc.
• Displaying road weather information

lt Road sensors gt
Source NIA, Korea, 2006.
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Ubiquitous networking

• Enablers

Ubiquitous networking, via Internet, NGN, etc.
Service networks
Inter-networked!
RFID
Connected!
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Ubiquitous networking

• Ubiquitous networking occurs everywhere.

Source Nomura Research Institute, 2000.
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Ubiquitous networking basic concept
Home Appliances
Human-to-Object Communication
Sensors
PC
TV
Vehicle
RFID tag
Camera
PDA

NGN
Database, Web, application server
Human-to-Human Communication
Object-to-Object Communication
Home server, gateway
Wearable PC
Smart Card
Telematics, Navigation Device
Human-to-Object Communication
Mobile Phone
Medical Device
Objects (Remote Monitoring and Information
Devices)
Ubiquitous Networking
Humans with Attached Devices
Source Chaesub Lee, ITU-T
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Ubiquitous networking Vision by ITU-T
Ubiquitous Networking
Fusion Revolution
Convergence
CT
(Content Technology)
U-Platform
Contents
IT (Information Technology)
BT
U-Contents
(Bio Technology)
Computing
Communication
NGN
NT
(Nano Technology)
Fusion
Connectivity
U-Network
5C5Any
U-Devices
Life
Health
Any Time
Disaster
Extension of Services to Other Industries
Beyond the IT Industry
Any Where
Supply Chain
Seamless Interconnection between Humans and
Objects
Any Service
Safety
Any Network
Building
Reality
Connectivity
Intelligence
Any Device
Transportation
Education
Source Chaesub Lee, ITU-T
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Ubiquitous Services/Applications
Enhanced capabilities for ubiquitous networking
in NGN
Web-based Services Web 2.0, API
Non-Web-based Legacy Telecom/ Broadcst. Services
Open Service Platform
End-user
Service Stratum
Other Networks
Context-aware User Environmental Status
recognition
Connecting to Anything Personal device, RFID
tag, Sensor, Smart card
IPv4/IPv6 Networks
Seamless Any time, Any where, Any device, Any
content, Always connected
Broadcasting Networks
Mobile/ Wireless Networks
Transport Stratum
Multi-networking Multicast, Multihoming
PSTN/ISDN
NGN
Legacy Networks
Source Chaesub Lee, ITU-T
End-to-end connectivity
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Ubiquitous networking Identity processing
Layered Architecture
Ubiquitous Identity Processing
Ubiquitous Networking Services
Applications(Human, Objects)
User/Object Identities
Name (Attributes)
Identity Management Services
Context-Aware Services
Identification/ Authorization
Location Management Services
Services (Service stratum)
Service IDs
RFID, Content ID, Telephone number, URL/URI, etc
Directory Services, Domain Name Services
Mapping/ Binding
Networked ID Services
Session/Protocol ID, IP Address, MAC Address, etc
Networks (Transport stratum)
Communication IDs
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Ubiquitous computing Definition

• Ubiquitous computing, defined by R/D sector
• It is a new wave in computing, in which
  technology becomes invisible in our lives by
  integration into common objects and activities.
  Instead of a person being active on a single
  personal computer at one moment in time, objects
  used in ordinary daily activities will be
  pervasively embedded with interconnected
  computational devices and intelligent systems.
• The essence of ubiquitous computing is the
  knowledge of our surrounding. By knowing the
  surrounding, including the situation involving
  users and environmental conditions, computer
  systems can offer useful customized services to
  the human users. Such knowledge is called
  context awareness explained in more detail
  later.
• For example, a domestic ubiquitous computing
  environment might interconnect lighting and
  environmental controls with personal biometric
  monitors woven into clothing so that illumination
  and heating conditions in a room might be
  modulated, continuously and imperceptibly.
  Another common scenario posits refrigerators
  "aware" of their suitably-tagged contents, able
  to both plan a variety of menus from the food
  actually on hand, and warn users of stale or
  spoiled food.
• Ubiquitous Sensor Network, defined by ITU-T
• It provides context-aware information and
  knowledge services to anyone at anywhere and
  anytime which are developed by using context
  awareness with detecting, storing, processing and
  integrating situational and environmental
  information gathered from sensor tags and/or
  sensor nodes affixed to anything, even human
  body. USN services can be presented in various
  media types such as text, image, animated image,
  voice, music, and video.

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Ubiquitous computing Service environment
Disaster/crisis management
Services
Applications/Services
Structural health monitoring
Disaster Surveillance
Military Field
Agricultural control
Logistics, SCM
U-Health care
Middleware
Ubiquitous web services
Context modeling and management
Management
Contents management
Spatial info management
Directory service
NGN, Internet, etc.
Access Network
Access Network
Access Network
Access Network
Access Network
Access Gateway
SN Gateway
Mobile RFID Reader
SN Gateway
RFID/Sensor Networks
Sensor node
RFID Reader
RFID/Sensor Networks
SN Gateway
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Ubiquitous computing Characteristics

• Observation for the example sensor network
  applications
• Static application purposes
• Sensor networks are installed for specific and
  static purposes such as structures monitoring,
  street light control, agriculture monitoring and
  management, city facilities management, marine
  environment monitoring, etc.
• Straightforward work process
• Sensing ? transmitting ? processing ?
  provisioning
• Single operation domain
• Sensor data are captured, transmitted, processed
  and delivered within a single operation domain.
• Dedicated users
• Processed and value-added data are provided to
  dedicated users owner and partners.

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Ubiquitous computing Characteristics

• Sensor networks are being evolved as a service
  infrastructure.
• Dynamic service models
• Services depend on users and anybody can be user.
  
• For weather information services as an example
• Fishermen request on-demand and periodic weather
  information for fishing.
• Tourists request periodic and alarming
  information of the nature condition for a week, a
  few days, or a month.
• National disaster center requests the whole
  weather information to observe the natural
  phenomena of an area and detect emergency
  situations.
• Sophisticated work process
• Sensing ? transmitting (integrated networks) ?
  processing (filtering, analyzing, context
  processing, data mining, decision making,
  forecasting, integration, exporting, etc.) ?
  provisioning (data can be delivered in different
  forms such as text, audio, voice, image, etc.
  according to information users)

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Ubiquitous computing Characteristics

• Sensor networks are being evolved as a service
  infrastructure.
• Multi-domain operations
• Multiple business domains are incorporated by
  business partnerships.
• Both dedicated and arbitrary users
• Pre-defined users by contracts or agreements
  B2B-type sensor network services
• Consumers by service subscription B2C-type
  sensor network services

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Ubiquitous computing Use cases

• Weather information service

SP 2
Emergency Management Center
SP 3
Raw data
sensor data
service provider 1
Consumer services SMS/Email/Call/Multimedia, etc.
National Disaster Monitoring Center
Value-added sensor data
Value-added service providers Weather info, local
nature info, security, healthcare, etc.
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Ubiquitous computing Use cases

• Healthcare service

Connecting to insurance
sensor data
Connecting to hospital
Sensors on Patients
Raw or value-added sensor data
Status report to family
Monitoring vital signs
Value-added service providers Weather info, local
nature info, security, healthcare, etc.
Emergency call
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Ubiquitous computing Use cases

• Case for u-City Cheonggyecheon stream in Seoul

Before 2005.10
After 2005.10
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Ubiquitous computing Use cases

• Case for u-City Cheonggyecheon stream in Seoul

Street light Mesh Node/AP
Mesh Node
180m
580m
150m
260m
WiFi -AP 2.4GHz
170m
WiFi Mesh Node
180m
190m
100Base T
390m
350m
WiFi Mesh Node
Switch
840m
WiFi-Mesh5GHz
100Base T
740m
Switch
510m
210m

• Sensors everywhere
• Monitoring every managed object
• Managing street lights, road traffic, city
  facilities, stream and air pollutions, road
  freezing and flooding, etc.

750m
860m
WiFi -AP 2.4GHz
330m
Source Samsung SDS, 2007
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Conclusions

• The Internet of things
• Internet It is a "network of networks" that
  consists of millions of private and public,
  academic, business, and government networks of
  local to global scope.
• Things
• Everything in the physical world
• Everything in the virtual world, realized
  physically through messenger
• The things are connected and communicate with
  each other based on ubiquitous networking, which
  is a different view of the Internet of things.
• Ubiquitous computing is information service
  infrastructure by support of the Internet of
  things.