JS 96GY Fingerprints

1
JS 96GY Fingerprints

• Pre-class activities
• Quiz
• Announcements and Assignments
• Learning objectives
• List 3 major fingerprint patterns and respective
  subclasses
• Name individuals that have made significant
  contributions to acceptance and development of
  fingerprints
• Define ridge characteristics or minutiae
• Explain visible, plastic vs. latent prints
• List techniques for developing latent prints on
  non porous objects and the chemical techniques
  for prints on porous objects
• Describe the proper procedure for preserving a
  developed latent
• Explain how a latent fingerprint image can be
  enhanced by digital imaging and know the function
  of AFIS
• Print your exemplars on fingerprint cards (time
  permitting)

2
Announcements and Assignments

• Quiz on Rosa Vega Lecture and Chapter 4
• Assignments/Schedule/Lectures
• Due 092408- Read Fingerprint Powerpoint- posted
  on my website
• Due 092408- Read CSI Fingerprint Lab Handout
  -posted on my website
• M 092908- CSI Fingerprint Lab continued
• W10/01/08 Instructor led review- student
  questions
• Due M 10/03/08 Student Led reviews (see
  guidelines below)
• Each team must write a 1 page summary of their
  chapter/assigned topics
• 1 page only (single spaced) email to Lee by Tues
  09/30/08 and bring your hard copy of the 1 page
  summary to Lee on W 10/01/08
• Exam 1 Weds 10/08/08- Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4,
  All of the powerpoints from class (see next
  slide), Rosa Vega lecture

3
Student Team assignments with chapters and
Powerpoint Slides for Exam I

• Intro, Chapter 3 and 082508 JS 96 intro lecture
  _________
• Chapter 2 and 082708 Real CSI- Crime Scene
  Processing _________
• 090308 The Real CSI Lecture 3 (overlap with
  082708)
• Chapter 1 - 090808 Crime scene search and
  documentation _________
• Chapter 4 and Rosa's Slides and 092208
  Fingerprints _________
• 091008 CSI outdoor crime scene (scenario)
• 091708 NEW CSI Follow up (CSI activities and
  guidelines)

4
BASIC PATTERNS
1 2 3
5
8 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FINGERPRINTS

• Remembered by
• L A W

6
(No Transcript)
7
No Fingerprints! Rare Disorder but it happens.
defects in the protein keratin 14 may be
responsible for both diseases, known as Naegeli
syndrome and dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis
(DPR). But the lack of fingerprints is not the
diseases' only, or even most serious, impact.
Patients also experience thickening of their
palms and soles of their feet. They suffer from
anomalies in the development of their teeth,
hair, and skin, where pigmentation can appear
patchy and uneven. Most dangerously, they have
skin issues that can inhibit their ability to
sweat normally.
8
A brief history of fingerprints (1)

• 1883 The first systematic attempt at personal
  identification was by Alphonse Bertillon-anthropom
  etry
• Dimensions of human bone system remained fixed
  from age 20 to death
• For 2 decades it remained the most accurate
  method.

9
A brief history of fingerprints (2)

• Chinese used to sign legal documents 3000 years
  ago with fingerprints (ceremonial of for human ID
  still unknown)
• In India years before Bertillon, William Hershel
  started the practice of requiring natives to sign
  contracts with imprints of their right hands
• 1880, Henry Fauld working in a Japanese hospital
  published a suggestion that skin ridge patterns
  could be important for the identification of
  criminals Offered to Scotland yard but rejected

10
A brief history of fingerprints (3)

• 1892 Francis Galton published his classic
  textbook Finger Prints, - anatomy of fingerprints
  and suggested methods for recording them.
• Galton proposed assigning three pattern types
• Loops, Arches, and Whorls
• Book demonstrated that no two prints were
  identical and that they remained unchanged from
  year to year
• 1891 Juan Vucetich created a classification
  system
• 1897 Sir Edward Richard Henry created another
  classification system adopted by US.

11
A brief history of fingerprints (4)

• 1903, Will West at Ft Leavenworth prison.
  William West who was already in prison could not
  be distinguished by anthropometry nor photographs
  but by fingerprints

12
Will West vs William West
13
Other Look Alikeshttp//abcnews.go.com/2020/story
?id2912199
14
Photos from Francois Brunelle www.francoisbrunelle
.com
15
A brief history of fingerprints (5)

• 1901, NYC Civil Service commission adopts
  fingerprints for personal ID to certify all civil
  service applicants
• 1904, used at the Worlds Fair in St. Louis for
  representatives of Scotland Yard
• 1924 BI records and Leavenworth records merged
  forming the nucleus ID records at the FBI where
  the largest collection now exists
• 1999- Admissibility challenge in US v. BC
  Mitchell- Eastern PA. Argued, fingerprints could
  not be proven unique under Daubert.
• Following 4.5 days, upheld fingerprints as
  scientific evidence ruled that 1) human friction
  ridges are unique and 2) human friction ridge
  skin arrangements are unique and permanent.

16
FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS

• Most familiar to public
• Leaving a readable print depends on
• - Surface on item touched
• - Condition of fingers
• - Way item is handled
• Fingerprints are completely individual
  characteristics.
• First Principle- A fingerprint is an individual
  characteristic no two fingerprints have yet been
  found to possess identical ridge characteristics

17
WHAT ARE FINGERPRINTS ?

• Friction Ridges raised lines on skin that come
  together to form patterns also known as minutiae
• Designed by nature to provide our bodies with a
  firmer grasp and resistance to slippage
• Second Principle Patterns formed by ridges never
  change throughout an individuals life .
  Fingerprint remains unchanged during an
  individuals lifetime
• individual marks and scars can be added
• John Dillenger tried with acid- see figure 14.4

18
WHAT ARE FINGERPRINTS ?

• Third Principle All prints have ridge
  characteristics that permit them to be
  systematically classified
• 60-65 of the population has loops, 30-35 have
  whorls and only 5 have arches
• LAW form the basis for all classification systems
• Loops- ridge lines that enter from one side and
  curve around to exit from the same side of the
  pattern
• Arch- lines that enter from one side and exit
  from the other
• Whorls- ridge patterns are rounded or circular in
  shape and have two deltas

19
THREE FORMS OF FINGERPRINTS

• Visible print form of residue print
• Touching a surface after the ridges have been in
  contact with a colored material (blood, paint)
• Plastic print made in soft material
• (putty, soap dust..)
• Latent print result of perspiration or oils
  present on ridges INVISIBLE NEED DEVELOPING
• can be more easily developed on
• smooth, nonporous surfaces

20
COMPARISON OF PRINTS
IDENTITY, NUMBER AND LOCATION IMPART
INDIVIDUALITY

• In identifying a fingerprint, the analyst must
  also look at ridge characteristics which are
  independent of the patterns (aka minutiae)

21
Recognition, Collection and Preservation of
Fingerprint Evidence

• Recognition of fingerprint evidence is similar to
  recognition of evidence in general Training and
  Experience
• Points of entry, weapons MAY VARY CASE TO CASE
• Appropriate tools (Alternate Lighting)
• Documentation- photo, notes, sketches

22
Recognition, Collection and Preservation of
Fingerprint Evidence

• General Rule objects believed to have latent
  fingerprints should be collected intact and
  submitted
• Necessary materials brown paper bags, cardboard
  box for firearms/weapons, manila envelopes for
  documents
• If item cannot be submitted to Fingerprint
  section of lab, must develop at scene and use a
  tape lift or carefully photographed using 35mm or
  top quality digital cameras-scale
• Marked/TAPE-SEALED/ CHAIN OF CUSTODY

23
Recognition, Collection and Preservation of
Fingerprint Evidence

• Considerations for preservation of latent print
  evidence
• Is there biological evidence ?
• Type of material on which the print is present

24
DEVELOPING LATENT PRINTS

• IN GENERAL
• - Powders are used to develop prints
• on smooth, nonporous surfaces
• - Chemicals are used to develop prints
• on porous or absorbent materials like paper
  or
• wood

25
EFFECTS OF SURFACES

• Hard or glossy, non-porous surfaces retain latent
  impression fairly well
• Rough, coarse or porous surfaces do not receive
  or retain latent impressions well textured glass
  or rough paint
• The age of a latent print can not be
• determined with any specificity
• except when the area was cleaned

26
PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES POWDERS

• The oldest and least sophisticated method for
  latent prints
• Should be primarily used on non-porous material
• Best when used in conjunction with Super Glue
  Fuming
• Over 85 of fingerprints developed
• by this method

27
FUMING TECHNIQUES- SUPER GLUE (Cyanoacrylate)

• Develops latent print to produce white color
  print
• White ridge detail is enhance by moisture

• Best utilized on non-porous items or physical
  evidence
• Contrast of print improved by application of dyes
  or powders

28
DEVELOPMENT REVIEW

• The type of surface on which a fingerprint is
  deposited has a lot to do with the type of print
  that will be deposited on the physical evidence

• The use of sequential processing techniques can
  increase the number of prints found and improve
  the quality of the prints already developed

29
AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT INDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

• AFIS The ability to compare a fingerprint found
  at the crime scent with a criminal fingerprint
  computer data base
• Cold Searches searching a data base of several
  million prints against a single latent print in
  about 10 minutes

30
Group assignment- Classifying fingerprints

• Using your knowledge of fingerprints, classify
  all 10 fingers of each member of your team into
  loop, arch or whorl (or appropriate type).
• Count the total numbers of L, A and W and provide
  the of each type on the chart on the board.
• Does the observed equal the expected ?
• What are some potential reasons the observed
  might not equal the expected?
• Design an experiment to test your hypothesis.

31
FINGERPRINT LAB

• PART ONE today
• A. Your Inked or pencil Prints
• What fingerprint patterns ?
• Print all fingers onto your fingerprint card
• Fill it out
• Enlarged print (at least one characteristic)
• B. Super Glue
• Reading only

• PART Two next time
• C. Black Powder
• 2 different surfaces
• Smooth glass slide and tile
• D. Magnetic Powder
• 2 different surfaces
• Smooth glass slide and tile

32
E. Evidence Sample

• Everyone will get an item to process for
  fingerprints using techniques you have learned/
  MUST LIFT A PRINT
• HOWEVER!!! MUST SWAB BOTTLE FOR SALIVA FIRST
  (lightly moistened swab)
• Allow swab to dry while you work on item
• When dry package in envelope
• Once swabbed, dry the swab and then place into
  envelope and fill out the chain of custody
• Be sure to take notes on the evidence and sketch
  on the card.

33
REMINDERS

• MAKING A LATENT PRINT VISIBLE
• Place some powder in lid, not too much, circular
  sweeping motion, just grazing surface

34
REMINDERS

• LIFTING A LATENT PRINT ONTO A FINGERPRINT CARD

Fingerprint card glossy side Dont forget info on
other side!
35
SOURCES

• Criminalistics/ Chapter 14 / Saferstein
• http//www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/org/lpu.htm
• http//www.onin.com/fp/
• Kendall FG, Rehn BW. 1983. Rapid Method of Super
  Glue Fuming Application for the Development of
  Latent Fingerprints. Journal of Forensic Science.
  28(3) 777-780.
• Lewis, LA. et al. 2001. Processes involved in the
  development of latent fingerprints using the
  cyanoacrylate fuming method. Journal of Forensic
  Science. 46(2) 241-246
• California Dept. Justice/ Physical Evidence
  bulletin-PEB 16-17
• International Association of Identification
• (IAI)- http//www.theiai.org