Bonding

1
Drill Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas
produced at -23oC under 83.1 kPa pressure when
7.0 g of ammonia is decomposed.
2
Homework

• Read Chapter 7
• Review PP-15

3
Bonding
4
Types of Bonds

• Ionic
• Covalent
• Metallic

5
Metallic Bonds

• Electrons are shared by many atoms
• Electrons free to move
• Two or more metals

6
Metallic Compounds

• Generally high MP
• Hard lusterous
• Less brittle
• Conductors

7
Metallic Bonds

• No debate about metallic bonds
• Easy to identify

8
Ionic Bonds

• Electrons are transferred from one atom to
  another creating () (-) ions
• Metal nonmetal

9
Ionic Compounds

• Held together by electrostatic charge
• Very high MP
• Brittle

10
Covalent Bonds

• Electrons are shared by two atoms
• Two nonmetals
• Weaker than ionic

11
Covalent Compounds

• Low MP
• Two nonmetals
• Flexible

12
Molecule

• Any compound that can exist as an entity by itself

13
Distinguishing Bonds

• Distinguishing ionic covalent bonds can be
  difficult, but generally determined by
  differenceelectronegativity

14
Bonds Types

• Ionic
• Polar covalent
• Non polar covalent

15
Bond Types

• Ionic DEN gt 1.5-1.8
• Covalent DEN lt 1.5-1.8
• Polar Covalent 0.5ltDENlt1.5
• Non polar covalent DENlt 0.5
• Not absolute

16
Coordinate Covalent Bonds

• A covalent bond in which the two electrons are
  donated by one atom

17
Classify Bonds

• Na-F H-Cl
• C-O Mg-O
• Fe-Fe

18
Dipole

• Polar bonds
• Polar molecules

19
Dipole
H F d d-
20
Ionic Bonding
-

21
Covalent Bonding
Occurs when electron orbitals overlap
22
Homework

• Work problems 47, 49, 51 on pages 204 205

23
List describe the three types of bonds
24
Orbitals
On the board Max 2 e- per orbital
25
Hybridization

• When s, p, and/or d orbitals (electron clouds)
  mix to make a new type of multi-lobed orbital

26
Hybrid Orbitals

• sp dsp3
• sp2 d2sp3
• sp3

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Homework

• Work problems 53, 55, 57, 59 on page 205

33
Electron Cloud Repulsion

• In molecules each electron cloud repels other
  clouds enough to spread as far apart as possible

34
VSEPR

• Valance Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
• Electron pairs repel each other to spread out as
  much as possible

35
Bonding OrbitalsType Hybrid VSEPR

• 2 lobes sp AX2
• 3 lobes sp2 AX3
• 4 lobes sp3 AX4
• 5 lobes dsp3 AX5
• 6 lobes d2sp3 AX6

36
VSEPR Orbitals
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Bonding Orbital Shape

• 2 lobes Linear 180o
• 3 lobes Trigonal planar 120o
• 4 lobes Tetrahedral 109.5o
• 5 lobes Hexahedral 120180o
• 6 lobes Octahedral 90180o

39
Drill Calculate the density SO2 at 47oC under
83.1 kPa Pressure
40
Types of Bonds

• Ionic
• Covalent
• Metallic

41
Draw the Bonding Electron Dot Diagrams for Each
Element
42
Bonding Electron Dot Diagrams

• Electron dot diagrams that go through 4 singles
  before any electrons are paired up

43
1A 1 single 2A 2 singles3A 3 singles4A 4
singles 5A 1 pair 3 singles6A 2 pair 2
singles7A 3 pair 1 single8A 4 pair
44
Drill Equate each of the following

• sp3 AX2 2 lobes
• sp AX3 4 lobes
• dsp3 AX4 6 lobes
• sp2 AX5 3 lobes
• d2sp3 AX6 5 lobes

45
Lewis Dot Diagrams

• Representation of valence electrons and bonds in
  a molecule or polyatomic ion

46
Drawing LDDs
Draw the bonding electron dot diagram for each
element in the molecule with the element with the
most unpaired e- near the center
47
Drawing LDDs

• If there is more than one carbon, connect the
  carbons by connecting single dots between one
  carbon another

48
Drawing LDDs

• Connect a single dot on one atom to a single dot
  on another (never two on the same atom)(never
  connect one dot to more than one other dot)

49
Drawing LDDs

• Repeat connecting the dots until all singled dots
  are connected making sure to obey the octet rule
  if possible

50
Drawing LDDs

• Recognize polyatomic ions
• H2CO3 CO3-2 is a polyatomic ion thus, the three
  Os must connect to the C

51
Drawing LDDs

• Redraw the molecule neatly making sure to include
  all dots

52
Draw LDDs for

• BeCl2 H2O
• BF3 C2H6
• CH4 C3H6
• NH3 CH2O

53
AP Homework

• Work problems 1, 3, 5, 7 on pages 202 203

54
Chm II Homework

• Work problems 9, 10, 35, 37 on page 301

55
Lab 07 on Atomic Molecular Orbitals will be
done tomorrow.
56
Drill Draw the LDD for

• C4H8
• H2CO3

57
Resonance Structures

• Equally valid Lewis Dot Diagrams for molecule or
  polyatomic ion.

58
O O N O
O O N O
-1
-1
59
Homework

• Work problem 23 on page 203.

60
Drill Draw LDDs for

• PH3 PO3-3
• HCN C4H8O

61
Draw LDDs for
CO2 H2O CO3-2 C2H6O
62
Coordinate Covalent Bond

• A covalent bond in which both electrons are
  donated by one atom

63
Draw LDDs for
SO2 SO4-2
64
Draw LDDs for

• PO4-3 P2O7-4
• K2SO4 C5H8O

65
Drill Draw LDDs for

• C4H6O SCl2
• C3H6O2 SiOF2

66
Draw LDDs for
BeH2 AlCl3 SO2 CF4 NH3 H2O
67
Hybridizations

• sp 2 lobes
• sp2 3 lobes
• sp3 4 lobes

68
Bond Angles

• sp 180o
• sp2 120o
• sp3 109.5o

69
Sigma Bonds(s)

• End to end orbital overlap
• All single bonds are sigma bonds
• All multiple bonds contain one sigma bond

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Pi Bonds (p)

• Side by side orbital overlap
• Multiple bonds contain p bonds

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Multiple Bonds

• Double 1 s 1 p
• Triple 1 s 2 p

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AP Homework

• Work problems 67, 71 on page 205

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Expanded Octets

• Sometimes atoms can be surrounded by more than 8
  electrons
• Columns 5A-8A

78
Draw LDDs for

• PH5
• SCl5-1

79
Drill Draw LDDs

• SiF6-2
• XeF4

80
AP Homework

• Problem 17 19
• Page 203

81
Drill Draw LDDs

• ICl3
• IF41

82
Draw LDDs
HNO3 C4H5NO
83
Homework

• Work problem 41, 45, 51, 53 on page 301 302.

84
Drill Draw LDDs

• P3O10-5 SCl5-1
• K2SO4 C5H8O

85
Drill Predict the type hybridization VSEPR
type for central atoms containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or
6 lobes of electron clouds
86
Molecular Orbital Theory

• Count valence e-s
• Draw orbital diagram (s p e-s)
• Draw bonding anti-bonding Os
• Fill in the chart with total of e-s
• Add the total bonding antibonding orbital to
  get bond order

87
Each line represents an orbital that can contain
up to two electrons

_ _ _2p _2s
2p_ _ _ 2s_
N N

88
2p _ _ _ anti-bonding 2p _ _ _ bonding
_ _ _2p _2s
2p_ _ _ 2s_
X X
2s _ anti-bonding 2s _ bonding
89
Determine the Bond Order of N2

• Each N has 5 valence e-s
• The total valence e-s 10

90
2p _ _ _ 2p _ _ _
_ _ _2p _2s
2p_ _ _ 2s_
N N
2s _ 2s _
91
2p _ _ _ 2p _ _ _
_ _ _2p _2s
2p_ _ _ 2s_
N N
2s _ 2s _
92
2p _ _ _ 2p _ _ _
_ _ _2p _2s
2p_ _ _ 2s_
N N
2s _ 2s _
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2p _ _ _ 2p _ _ _
_ _ _2p _2s
2p_ _ _ 2s_
N N
2s _ 2s _
94
2p _ _ _ 2p _ _ _
_ _ _2p _2s
2p_ _ _ 2s_
N N
2s _ 2s _
95
2p _ _ _ 2p _ _ _
_ _ _2p _2s
2p_ _ _ 2s_
N N
2s _ 2s _
96
2p _ _ _ 2p _ _ _
_ _ _2p _2s
2p_ _ _ 2s_
N N
2s _ 2s _
97
2p _ _ _ 2p _ _ _
_ _ _2p _2s
2p_ _ _ 2s_
N N
2s _ 2s _
98
2p _ _ _ 2p _ _ _
_ _ _2p _2s
2p_ _ _ 2s_
N N
2s _ 2s _
99
4 bonding - 1 anti
2p _ _ _ 2p _ _ _
_ _ _2p _2s
2p_ _ _ 2s_
N N
2s _ 2s _
100
Bond Order of N2 3
101
Determine the bond order of

• H2 He2 O2
• F2 CO Xe2

102
Intermolecular Forces

• Weak temporary attractions between atoms from one
  molecule to another or another part of a larger
  molecule

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Intermolecular Forces

• Hydrogen-bond
• Dipole-dipole
• Dipole-induced dipole
• London dispersion forces

105
Hydrogen Bond

• Strongest of the intermolecular forces
• Occurs when H is bound to one highly EN element
  connects to another

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Dipole-Dipole

• When two polar molecules connect

108
Dipole-Induced Dipole

• When a polar molecule gets near a non-polar one,
  it induces the non-polar one to become polar
  thus, they connect

109
London Dispersion

• Instantaneous attraction for fractions of seconds
  in which non-polar molecules connect
• Very weak force

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111
Draw Lewis Dot Diagram for
ICl5 Determine bond ?s, hybridization, VSEPR,
shape
112
Draw the bonding electron dot diagrams for one
element in each of the columns that go to the top
of the chart, one transition element, one inner
transition element.
113
Identify as ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds
Na-Cl Fe-Cr S-Cl H-Cl Mg-S C-C N-O Fe-Fe
114
Draw LDDs for

• HONO H3PO4
• SiO2 C3H4O2

115
Draw Lewis Dot Diagrams of
CF4 NH3 BF3 CO2 H2CO3 C3H6O2
116
Draw Lewis Dot Diagrams of
H3PO4 ICl5 IF3 CO SeCl4 C4H6O2
117
Draw Lewis Dot Diagrams of
H3AsO4 ICl5 ICl3 CO C4H9NO2 SeF4
118
Draw LDDs predict VSEPR, Hybridization, bond
?s, shape of
XeF4 SCl4 XeO4
119
List describe the four types of intermolecular
forces
120
Draw Lewis Dot Diagrams of
C4H5NO2