Water Raven and Berg Ch' 13 and 21

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WaterRaven and Berg Ch. 13 and 21
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• Hydrological Cycle - constant movement of water
  from surface water to air and back to surface
  water.

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• Transpiration - transportation of water to leaves
  and its evaporation from the surfaces of plants.
• Groundwater - water that infiltrates the soil and
  is stored in the spaces between particles in the
  earth.
• Runoff - the surface water that enters a river
  system.

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• Aquifer - a layer of earth material that can
  transmit water sufficient for water supply
  purposes. Two types exist.
• Confined Aquifers, in which the aquifer is
  bounded on the top and bottom by impermeable
  confining layers.
• replenished by rainwater and surface water from
  the recharge zone.
• aquiclude is a confining layer in which water
  cannot pass through.
• aquitard is a confining layer in which water can
  pass into and out of more freely (in semiconfined
  aquifers).

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• artesian wells are pressurized aquifers (created
  by elevational differences).
• Unconfined Aquifers usually occur near the lands
  surface and may be called a water table aquifer.
• Water Table - the top of the layer of water in an
  aquifer. Above the water table lies the vadose
  zone, or unsaturated zone

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• Water Use
• Water use can be divided into four general
  categories domestic, agricultural, industrial,
  and in-stream use.

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• Domestic Use
• in North America, 90 of domestic water use is
  supplied through municipal systems
• involves complex water filtration
• rural water usually involves private wells
• Used for drinking, cooking, bathing/showering,
  washing (dishes clothing), flushing toilets,
  watering lawns/gardens.

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• nonconsumptive uses solvent waste water (70 )
• consumptive uses drinking and watering (30)
• About 295 liters per day per person in North
  America

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• Deep Thought
• thats equivalent to about 150 2-liter soda
  bottles

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• Agricultural Use
• Irrigation
• Livestock

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• Industrial Use
• 50 in US and 70 in Canada used for industry
• 90 of this water is used for cooling (adding to
  thermal pollution problems)
• raises organismal metabolism and lowers dissolved
  oxygen.
• only a small percentage is actually used.
• dissipation and transport of wastes

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• In-stream Use
• Hydroelectric, navigation, and recreation.
  (nonconsumptive)
• Temperature and reservoir discharge, migratory
  fish.

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Effects of Abstraction

• Overdrawing of surface waters.
• Aquifer depletion, salinization, and land
  subsidence
• Salinization of irrigated soil

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Flooding

• Channelization and levees are built to try to
  restrict flooding.
• Loss of vegetation and tarmac/concrete surfaces
  increase run-off rate.
• Land is developed right up to the river channel.
  If a levee breaks, flooding may be catastrophic

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• Water Pollution
• is a local, regional and global environmental
  problem.
• is not only caused by the direct discharge of
  pollutants into a waterway but is also connected
  to air pollution and land use.

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• Water Quality
• The term 'water quality' encompasses a whole
  range of characteristics concerned with the
  physical and chemical properties of material
  dissolved or suspended in water including gases,
  organic materials, heavy metals, pesticides,
  acidity levels, temperature and turbidity.

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• Principal Types of Water Pollution
• Disease Causing Agents
• bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms
  that enter water from domestic sewage and animal
  wastes.
• Oxygen-demanding Wastes
• organic wastes that can be decomposed by aerobic
  bacteria which use oxygen and thus deplete water
  of dissolved oxygen biological oxygen demand
  (BOD).
• Water-soluble Inorganic Chemicals
• acids, salts, compounds of toxic metals such as
  mercury and lead.

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• Inorganic Plant Nutrients
• water soluble nitrate and phosphate compounds.
• Organic Chemicals
• oil, petrol, plastics, pesticides, cleaning
  solvents, detergents etc.
• Sediment or Suspended Matter
• insoluble particles of soil and other solid
  inorganic and organic materials that become
  suspended in water.

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• Radioactive Substances
• radio-isotopes that are water soluble or capable
  of being biologically amplified to higher
  concentrations as they pass up food chains.
• Thermal
• heat excessive input of water that is heated
  when it is used to cool power plants.
• cold temperature drop from bottom of reservoir
  discharge.

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• Point and Non-Point Sources
• Point Sources discharge pollutants at specific
  locations through pipes, ditches, or sewers into
  bodies of water.
• are relatively easy to identify, monitor and
  regulate
• provided there is the political will, remarkable
  progress can be made in 'cleaning up' waterways
  affected by point-source pollution. (Paper mill
  on the Hiwassee)

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• The United States has made tremendous advances in
  the past 25 years to clean up the aquatic
  environment by controlling pollution from
  industries and sewage treatment plants.
• Unfortunately, we have not done enough to control
  pollution from diffuse, or non-point sources.

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• Non-Point Sources (NPS) are (1) great expanses of
  land that discharge pollutants into surface and
  underground waters over a large area.
• NPS pollution occurs when rainfall, snowmelt, or
  irrigation runs over land or through the ground,
  picks up pollutants, and deposits them into
  rivers, lakes, and coastal waters or introduces
  them into ground water.

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• NPS pollution remains the nation's largest source
  of water quality problems.
• the main reason that approximately 40 percent of
  our surveyed rivers, lakes, and estuaries are not
  clean enough to meet basic uses such as fishing
  or swimming.
• NPS pollution also includes adverse changes to
  the vegetation, shape, and flow of streams and
  other aquatic systems.

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• the most common NPS pollutants are sediment and
  nutrients.
• wash into water bodies from agricultural land,
  small and medium-sized animal feeding operations,
  construction sites, and other areas of
  disturbance, and urban stormwater runoff.
• other common NPS pollutants include pesticides,
  pathogens (bacteria and viruses), salts, oil,
  grease, toxic chemicals, and heavy metals (as
  listed previously).

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• Causes beach closures, destroyed habitat, unsafe
  drinking water, fish kills, and many other severe
  environmental and human health problems result
  from NPS pollutants.
• each year the United States spends millions of
  dollars to restore and protect the areas damaged
  by NPS pollutants.