RENAISSANCE

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RENAISSANCE
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Depression Leads to Renaissance?

• Post commerial revolution (1150-1350) there is a
  depression (1300-1350)
• Causes 1. floods 2. 100 Years of War 3. famines
  4. Italian Wars 5. Bankruptcies 6. the Black
  Death
• How could this help?
• Impoverished the nobles, disrupted manorial
  system
• More competition led to the better business
  practices

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Better Business Practices

• New and improved trade routes, ships
• Sedentary merchants
• Family firms
• New businesses banking, metalworking, textiles,
  silk
• New financial techniques
• Double-entry bookkeeping
• Bills of exchange
• Loans
• Money lenders vs. usury
• Investing money

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CAPITALISM !

• POLITICAL / MILITARY
• ITALIAN GOVERNMENT CITY-STATES
• GROWTH OF MONARCHIAL POWER
• MERCENARY ARMIES INCREASE
• ECONOMIC EXPANSION - WARS

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CAPITALISM!

• Social / Economic
• urban culture
• serfdom weakened
• bourgeoisie rises
• nobles decline
• new business techniques
• workers vs. employers
• trade with new cultures

• Cultural / Intellectual
• individualism
• leisure time increases
• lay education increased
• art no longer dominated by church
• Humanism and Renaissance
• cultural influence of new cultures

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What is the Renaissance?

• Jacob Burkhardt (1860) prototype of modern
  world, revival of learning, does not account for
  Middle Ages contribution
• It is a time of transition move towards
  national consciousness, centralization of
  politics, urban development, commerce, lay and
  secular growth
• Italy from 1375 1527
• Starts later runs later in the rest of Europe
• Discovery science, religious, exploration,
  technology

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Italian City States

• Milan, Genoa, Venice, Florence, Naples, Papal
  States, Kingdom of Two Sicilies
• Most governed with despots used fear,
  intimidation to rule
• Why despots?
• Guelf v. Ghibelline
• Urban warfare
• Class Warfare
• Family Feuds

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MORE CITY - STATES

• Venice ruled by oligarchy, republic
• Milan Visconti and Sforza Families most
  warlike
• Papal States hampered by problems in the church
• Florence Medici Rule controlled by council
  (Signoria) Cosimo started it
• Lorenzo the Magnificent (r.1478-1492)

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Italian Renaissance Writers

• Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) Letters to the
  Ancient Dead, Father of Humanism
• Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) vernacular,
  Inferno, Divine Comedy
• Giovanni Boccaccio Decameron
• Christine de Pisan Treasure of the City of
  Ladies

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Italian Humanism

• Study of the classics as well as the ancient
  church, studia humanitatis liberal arts
• Orators, poets
• Humanists advanced by
• go to sources and reach conclusions
• Greek and Latin Studies
• not necessarily bound to tradition
• accepted secular content of classics
• At times they were critical of classics such as
  Lorenzo Valla - Donation

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Civic Humanism

• Based on the idea that education should promote
  individual virtue and public service
• Strength of impact on service is questionable
• Eventually moved towards an intellectual elitism

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Slavery

• Fairly common in Western Europe and Italy during
  the Renaissance
• Many races made up slaves the worst treated
  were Africans and Tatars
• Some were brought into homes as part of families
• Is your text sugarcoating slavery?

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Decline of Italian Renaissance

• Ferdinand of Aragon and Charles VIII of France
  compete for control
• Charles VIII marched through Italy Ferdinand
  allied with Venice Venetian League (1495)
• Borgia (Alexander VI) joined with Louis XII
  giving France the upper hand
• Pope Julius II brought stability through war?

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Niccolo Machiavelli

• Lived during time of troubles
• Wanted state to be strong and effective
• The Prince political reality, examples of
  leadership
• State is an organism which takes shape of the
  leader
• Law of historical recurrence
• Men Make History
• Religion and morality separate from political
  power
• Prince must adopt God and evil for common good
• Italy had to be a single political state before
  it can reach full glory
• Is it leadership for today?

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Characteristics Key terms of Renaissance Art

• Classical Compositions Themes
• Dominance of Religious Themes
• use of allegories synthesis of pagan
  religious themes
• Chiaroscuro
• foreshortening
• linear atmospheric pesspective

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Characteristic of Renaissance ArtContinued

• Recognizable landscapes
• free standing sculpture
• free standing sculpture
• Fresco
• Tempera
• Geometric designs (science art united)
• anatomic realism

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Early Renaissance15th Century Italian Painting
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Masaccio1401-1428
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France

• The Valois Family
• In 1477 France finally defeats Burgundy
  Charles the Bold dies ending Burgundy dynasty
  land split between France/Habsburgs
• Louis XIs successors would be too aggressive
  based upon over confidence

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France in the 15c 16c
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SPAIN

• 1469 Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of
  Aragon get married
• Spread Christianity throughout Spain
• Inquisition Tomas de Torqueville
• Conversos, Moriscos
• Used marriage to expand power daughter marries
  son of Emperor Maximilian of Holy Roman Empire
• Another daughter married Henry VIII
• Overseas exploration Christopher Columbus

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Kingdoms of Spain 1492
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Ferdinand Isabella of Spain
The Madonna of the Monarchs
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Holy Roman Empire

• Divided into over three hundred political states
  all autonomous
• Types of states Princely States, Ecclesiastical
  States, Imperial Free Cities
• Golden Bull (1356) Seven Electors acted as
  administrative body, elected emperor
• This gave electors great power over emperor
  history one of balance
• 1452- First Habsburg Emperor named
• Emperor Maximilian I had a Supreme Court of
  Justice and Imperial Council of Regency
• Gift of Marriage married into Burgundys Royal
  Family, as well as Spains Charles V (1519-1556)

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Desiderius Erasmus (1466?-1536)

• Catholic wanted reform
• Anti-clerical, ? Superstitions
• Philosphia Christi
• Translated Bible into Vernacular, German in 1522
• Books in the Index of Forbidden Books
• Freedom of the human will this will be point
  of conflict between Erasmus and Luther

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Northern Humanism

• Humanism spread through education and trade
• Thomas More (1478-1535) Utopia fictional
  society in which all property and goods are held
  in common Henry VIII advisor later executed
  over Act of Supremacy
• Reuchlin Affair 1506 Reuchlin was interested
  in Hebrew, Jewish Religion it was attacked by
  church many humanists saw this as an attack on
  academic freedom
• Similar to Italian Humanism Individualism,
  Beauty, Lay Education, Dignity of Man, Lay
  Morality, Return to the Sources, Civic Humanism

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Whats the Difference?

• Not as influenced by classical antiquity
• Centered around Court Life often centered in
  universities not only urban
• Spread throughout area
• Christian Humanism
• Focus on early Christian Church, return to early
  Biblical sources such as St. Paul
• Focus on piety faith, charity, simplicity

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Following Slides provided by

• SUSAN POJER
• Pptpalooza.net

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Earlier Explorations

• Islam the Spice Trade ? Malacca
• A New Player ? Europe
• Nicolo, Maffeo, Marco Polo, 1271
• Expansion becomes a state enterprise ? monarchs
  had the authority the resources.
• Better seaworthy ships.
• Chinese Admiral Zheng He the Ming Treasure
  Fleet

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Motives for European Exploration

• Crusades ? by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
• Renaissance ? curiosity about other lands and
  peoples.
• Reformation ? refugees missionaries.
• Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
• Technological advances.
• Fame and fortune.

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New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps Portulan
Hartman Astrolabe(1532)
Mariners Compass
Sextant
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New Weapons Technology
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Prince Henry, the Navigator

• School for Navigation, 1419

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Explorers you must know

• Portuguese - DaGama 1499, Dias
• Spanish - Christopher Columbus (Italian),
  Ferdinand Magellan, Amerigo Vespucci, Hernan
  Cortes, Francisco Pizarro

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Spanish Americas

• Aztecs, Moctezuma, Cortes 1521
• Incas, Pizarro 1533
• Church some went with belief that they could
  convert, bring civilization
• Conquest had to come first many priests opposed
  harshness of conquest Bartolome de Las Casas
  Black Legend
• Church eventually benefited from conquest
• Church became a conservative force

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Economy of Spanish America

• Mining at first for Gold but then silver, Spain
  received 20
• Hacienda laborers were often in servitude,
  farming and ranching
• On islands slaves were used on sugar
  plantations
• Labor Servitude encomienda grant for native
  servitude, set number, govt. stopped practice out
  of fear of strong class
• Repartimiento adult male Indians had to work a
  set number of days for Spaniards
• Debt peonage was the last stage
• African Slavery was on the increase

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The Columbian Exchange
Sue Pojers slide
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Impact of European Expansion

• Native populations ravaged by disease.
• Influx of gold, and especially silver, into
  Europe created an inflationary economic
  climate.Price Revolution
• New products introduced across the continents
  Columbian Exchange.
• Deepened colonial rivalries.