Pattern I: Deep gene tree, lineages allopatric

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Pattern I Deep gene tree, lineages allopatric

• Prominent genetic gaps correspond to regional
  populations
• Likely caused by long-term extrinsic barriers

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Pattern II Deep gene tree,lineages broadly
sympatric

• Pronounced genetic gaps among lineages but
  lineages occupy same range
• Allopatric divergence and secondary contact
• Long-term balancing selection

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Pattern III Shallow gene tree,lineages
allopatric

• Lineages closely related but separated
  geographically
• Recent historical contact but low gene flow
  allows lineage sorting or drift

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Pattern IV Shallow gene tree,lineages sympatric

• Slight genetic differences among lineages do not
  correspond to geographic structure
• Species with high gene flow
• American eel

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Pattern V Shallow gene tree,lineages
distribution varied

• Intermediate between patterns III and IV
• Low or moderate gene flow with recent historic
  contact
• Widespread ancestral lineage and uncommon,
  localized newer lineages

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