Geographic Information Systems GIS

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

• General Definition
• - A system of hardware and software that links
  mapped objects to attribute information that
  describes them and provides tools to store
  retrieve and manipulate both types of data.
• - Geographic information systems are tools
  that allow for the processing of spatial data
  into information, generally information tied
  explicitly to, and used to make decisions about,
  some portion of the earth (DeMers 2005, p.7)
• GIS Subsystems
• - A data input system
• - A data storage and retrieval system
• - A data manipulation and analysis system
• - A reporting subsystem

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Projection and Coordinate Systems

• Projection Process
• - A mathematical transformation that allows a
  spherical surface to be represented in
  two-dimensional space.
• - All projections create some distortion of
  angles, conformality, areas, distances or
  directions No projections can be both conformal
  and area-preserving
• - Some projections minimize distortions in
  some of these properties at the expense of others

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Projection and Coordinate Systems

• Projection Family
• - Cylindrical projection Tropical zones
• - Conical projection Temperate zones
• - Azimuthal projection Polar zones

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UTM Coordinate System
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UTM Coordinate System
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State Plane Coordinate (SPC) System

• State Plane Coordinate System
• - A coordinate system for mapping the United
  States
• - Three projection methods Lambert Conformal
  Conic (longer states in the east-west direction),
  Transverse Mercator Projection (longer states in
  the north-south direction), and Oblique Mercator

Sourcehttp//www.warnercnr.colostate.edu/class_in
fo/nr502/lg3/datums_coordinates/spcs.html
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Symbology and Thematic Mapping (Example)
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INTERNET GIS DATA SOURCES
  1. ESRI ArcData Online Website (Census 2000
TIGER/Line Data)     http//www.esri.com/data/down
load/census2000_tigerline/    . 2. ESRI Virtual
GIS Training Courses     http//campus.esri.com/
3. Geographynetwork GIS Data    
http//www.geographynetwork.com/data/downloadable.
html   4. GIS Data Depot, GeoCommunity    
http//www.geocomm.com/   5. GIS Data
Clearinghouse     http//www.dnr.state.oh.us/gims/
http//www.dnr.state.oh.us/gims/counti
es.htm     http//gis.state.ga.us/ (Georgia GIS
Clearinghouse)    http//seamless.usgs.gov
(Satellite Imagery Server)  
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INTERNET GIS DATA SOURCES
  6. Other Useful GIS Websites (Ohio)    
http//oit.ohio.gov/sdd/ess/ogrip/index.aspx
(Ohio Geographic Information System Service
Center)     http//metadataexplorer.gis.state.oh.u
s/metadataexplorer/explorer.jsp (Ohio Metadata
Sever)     http//dmc.ohiolink.edu/GEO/LS7/
(Ohiolink's Landsat 7)     http//www.ohioview.org
(OhioView, Satellite Imagery Server)    
http//glovis.usgs.gov/ (Global Satellite
Imagery)     http//neocando.case.edu/cando/index.
jsp (Center on Urban Poverty and Social Change,
Northeast Ohio Community and Neighborhood
Data)     http//gis.mahoningcountyoh.gov/  
ftp//gis.mahoningcountyoh.gov/ (Mahoning County
GIS Division, Ohio)     http//downloads.ddti.net/
MadisonOH/ (Madison County GIS, Ohio)    
http//downloads.ddti.net/ClarkOH/ (Clark County
GIS, Ohio)     http//www.auditor.co.geauga.oh.us/
gis/downloads/index.asp (Geauga County GIS,
Ohio)     http//www.dublin.oh.us/business/gis/int
ro/index.html (City of Dublin, Ohio)    
http//www.athensgis.com/ (Athens County GIS,
Ohio)