Project Management

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Project Management

• PERT and Gantt Charting

2
Time Estimation Methods

• Sum-Of-Tasks
• 3-Times-Programming
• Lines of Code
• Function Points
• Standard Formula
• Intuitive (SWAG)
• Historical

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Sum-Of-Tasks

• Determine all the necessary tasks
• Estimate effort for each task
• Sum all the tasks
• Stick with the total, even if large

4
3-Times-Programming

• Estimate the number of programs difficulty
  level.
• Estimate effort required, including coding and
  debugging.
• Multiply the time calculated above by 3.
• If using 4GL divide the number above by the
  productivity improvement factor.

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Lines of Code

• Estimate the number of lines of code.
• Calculate the total number of effort-months (EM)
  2.4(KDSI)1.05 K - Thousands, D -
  Delivered, S - Source, I - Instructions.
• With 10,000 lines of code EM 2.4(10) 1.05,
  2.4(11.2) 26.9 or 27 effort months

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Function Points

• A function point measures the activities of the
  program.
• Program Inputs (X4)
• Program Queries (X4)
• Program Outputs (X5)
• Interfaces (X7)
• Master Files (X10)

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Standard Formula

• Similar to function point
• Three major components
• Programmer experience and expertise
• Program complexity
• Specific knowledge of system or program

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Intuitive and Historical

• Intuitive Educated guess of experienced senior
  personnel.
• Historical Based on carefully maintained time
  records.

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PERT Chart

• Example on Page 54 in Satzinger.
• Advantages
• Identifies the critical path, critical tasks,
  slack time, and order of precedence.
• Aids planning the allocation of resources
• Clearly illustrates inter-task dependency.
• Disadvantages
• Do not clearly show the possibility for overlap
  of nondependent activities.
• Difficult to gauge project status.
• Do not show project accountability.

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Gantt Charts

• Example on Page 55 of Satzinger.
• Advantages
• Easy to see percent completion of each task.
• Easy to see opportunities for overlap of
  nondependent tasks.
• Easy to evaluate progress.
• Disadvantages
• Do not show inter-task dependency and project
  accountability.

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Project Accountability Chart

• Proposed by Martin
• Attempts to combine techniques from PERT and
  Gantt.
• Shows time on a horizontal scale.
• Shows accountability on a vertical scale.
• An activity (rounded edge rectangular box) is
  drawn at the intersection of time and
  responsibility.
• Length of the rectangle reflects the duration.

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Reasons for Project Failure

• 23 Lack of a plan.
• 22 Inadequate definition of project scope.
• 14 Lack of communication with users.
• 11 Insufficient personnel resources and
  training.
• 8 Lack of communication within team.
• 8 Inaccurate estimates.
• 14 Other

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System Context Diagram for CSS Figure 2-8