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CHANNEL conference, Budapest, 57 April, 2006

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Direct mechanical methods in small grain cereals and pulse ... Silage crop. Suppressive catch crop. 1'st July, shallow ploughing (10 cm) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: CHANNEL conference, Budapest, 57 April, 2006


1
CHANNEL conference, Budapest, 5-7 April, 2006
Current European weed control methods and
strategies against annual and perennial weeds in
organic farming by Bo Melander Danish
Institute of Agricultural Sciences
(DIAS) Department of Integrated Pest Management
Research Centre Flakkebjerg
2
Weed categories
  • Perennial weeds
  • Cirsium arvense
  • Elymus repens
  • Rumex spp.
  • Tussilago farfara
  • Sonchus arvensis
  • Taraxacum officinale
  • Others
  • Annual weeds
  • Chenopodium album
  • Amaranthus spp.
  • Stellaria media
  • Polygonum spp.
  • Tripleurospermum inodorum
  • Sinapis arvensis
  • Galeopsis spp.
  • Avena fatua
  • Others


3
Annual weeds / Perennial weeds
  • Preventive methods
  • Crop rotation
  • Primary tillage
  • Stale seedbed
  • Cover crops
  • Soil cultivation in darkness
  • Cultural methods
  • Nutrient placement
  • Competitive varieties
  • Seed rate
  • Row spacing
  • Sowing date

4
Direct mechanical methods in small grain cereals
and pulse
Weed harrowing mainly effective against annual
weeds
5
Weed harrowing against annual weeds in spring
cereals
Post-emer-gence
Pre-emer-gence
Selective
6
Interaction between injection of slurry and weed
harrowing - means of 4 experiments
Relative to control-broadcast
From Rasmussen (2002), Weed Research 42(4)
7
Direct mechanical methods in cereals and pulse
  • Inter-row hoeing in cereals with an automatic
    steering system some effect against perennials
    e.g. C. arvense

8
Typical row crops
Intra-row
Inter-row
9
Inter-row cultivation with automatic steering
systems
10
Hand weeding intra-row weeds
Time consumption for hand weeding
11
Examples of current tools for intra-row weeding
Brush weeding
  • Low technology
  • Poor selectivity
  • No effect against perennials

Finger weeding
Flame weeding
12
Transplants
  • Good results in
  • Cabbage
  • Leek and onion
  • Celery
  • (Lettuce)
  • Sugar beets
  • Provided that
  • Well anchored
  • Control prior to transplanting
  • Early weeding after transplanting, repeated over
    a 3-5 week period

13
European research on high technologies for
selective intra-row weeding
  • Camera based
  • Bontsema et al. (NL) (1998), Proceedings IFAC
    Workshop, 93-97
  • Tillet Marschant (UK) (1998), J. Agric. Engi.
    Res. 69, 169-178
  • Blasco et al. (ES) (2002), Biosystems
    Engineering 83(2), 149-157
  • Bak Jacobsen (DK) (2004), Biosystems
    Engineering 87(2), 125-136
  • Søgaard (DK) (2005), Biosystems Engineering
    91(3), 271-281
  • Åstrand (SW) (2005), PhD-thesis, Chalmers
    University, Sweden
  • Geo-positioning of crop seeds
  • Griepentrog et al. (DK) (2005), Precision
    Agriculture 6, 157-165


14
Selective intra-row weeding
15
Steaming in narrow bands
16
  • Prototype II in carrot
  • 80-90 weeding effectiveness against annual weeds
    at 800C
  • tendency for a higher marketable yield
  • fuel consumption lt 400 l ha-1

17
Perennial weeds direct methods
  • Post harvest tillage
  • uprooting
  • disintegration
  • desiccation
  • Fallowing
  • Inter-row cultivation
  • Hand hoeing
  • Post harvest tillage
  • disintegration
  • Fallowing
  • Mowing
  • Inter-row cultivation
  • Hand pulling

18
Effect of grass-clover on Cirsium arvense biomass
in subsequent crops

Adapted from Rasmussen et al. (2005), ISOFAR,
first sci. conf., 227-230
19
Traditional E. repens control
  • Conflicts with the need to retain nutrients,
    especially N, in the system
  • Catch-crops
  • Perennial crops
  • Autumn-sown crops

20
Integrated approach
gt 90 effectiveness

Suppressive catch crop
Silage crop
21
Conclusions
  • Perennial weeds
  • No significant technical innovations for several
    years
  • Improved strategies especially against Elymus
    repens and Cirsium arvense
  • Lack of research, e.g. on the biology of
    Tussilago farfara
  • Annual weeds
  • Improved strategies combinations of preventive,
    cultural and mechanical methods
  • No significant technical innovations for small
    grain cereals
  • Interesting development for row crops emerging
    advanced technologies such as GPS and camera
    based systems


22
EWRS - working group Physical and Cultural
Weed Control
European Weed Research Society (EWRS)
  • Next meeting 12-14 March 2007 in Germany
  • (http//www.ewrs.org/pwc/)
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