Women in Sport

1
(No Transcript)
2
INDEX
3 - AGGRESSION IN SPORT HOSTILE / INSTRUMENTAL
AGGRESSION 4 - ASSERTION AND AGGRESSION ASSERT
IVE PLAY 5 - CAUSES OF AGGRESSION UNDERDEVELOPED
MORAL REASONING / BRACKETED MORALITY / SPECIFIC
CAUSES 6 - CAUSES OF AGGRESSION
PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL 7 - THEORIES OF
AGGRESSION INSTINCT THEORY / FRUSTRATION
AGGRESSION THEORY 8 - THEORIES OF
AGGRESSION SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY / AGGRESSIVE
CUE HYPOTHESIS 9 - RESPONSIBILITY FOR
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR 10 - PREVENTION OF
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR GOVERNING BODY 11 -
PREVENTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR COACHES /
PLAYERS
3
AGGRESSION IN SPORT
Aggression

• HOSTILE AGGRESSION
• intent to harm
• goal is to harm
• arousal and anger involved
• INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION
• intent to harm
• goal to win
• used as a tactic dirty play
• no anger
• illegal in all sports except boxing

4
ASSERTION AND AGGRESSION
Aggression

• ASSERTIVE PLAY
• has
• no intent to harm
• legitimate force within the rules
• unusual effort
• unusual energy
• sometimes called channelled aggression

5
CAUSES OF AGGRESSION
Aggression

• PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL
• anger towards another person
• causing an increase in arousal
• highly motivated
• UNDERDEVELOPED MORAL REASONING
• players with low levels of moral reasoning
• more likely to be aggressive
• BRACKETED MORALITY
• double standard
• condoning aggressive behaviour may retard
  players moral development
• aggression is wrong in life, but OK in sport

6
CAUSES OF AGGRESSION
Aggression

• SPECIFIC CAUSES
• high environmental temperature
• home or away
• embarrassment
• losing
• pain
• unfair officiating
• playing below capability
• large score difference
• low league standing
• later stage of play (near the end of a game)
• reputation of opposition (get your retaliation in
  first)

7
THEORIES OF AGGRESSION
Aggression

• INSTINCT THEORY
• aggression is innate and instinctive
• caused by survival of the species
• sport releases built up aggression, catharsis
• Lorentz
• FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION THEORY
• aggression caused by frustration
• the person being blocked in the achievement of a
  goal
• this causes a drive towards the source of
  frustration
• Dollard

8
THEORIES OF AGGRESSION
Aggression

• SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (Bandura)
• aggression is learned
• by observation of others behaviour
• then imitation of this aggressive behaviour
• this is then reinforced by social acceptance of
  the behaviour
• AGGRESSIVE CUE HYPOTHESIS (Berkowitz)
• frustration causes anger and arousal
• this creates a readiness for aggression
• which can be initiated by an incident during the
  performance (the cue)
• this is a learned response
• example a player sees a colleague fouled then
  decides to join in

9
RESPONSIBILITY FOR AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR
Aggression
10
PREVENTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR
Aggression

• GOVERNING BODY
• code of conduct
• coaches
• players
• officials
• use of strong officials
• use of rules of games
• punishment (remove league points)
• sin bins
• reward non-aggressive acts (FIFA fair play award)
• use of language
• reduce media sensationalism
• coach education programme

11
PREVENTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR
Aggression

• COACHES / PLAYERS should
• promote ethical behaviour
• promote sporting behaviour
• control aggressive behaviour
• stress management strategies / relaxation
  techniques
• self-control strategies
• reduce levels of arousal
• maintain a healthy will to win without winning
  being everything
• set performance goals rather than outcome goals
• remove players from field if at risk of
  aggression
• enable channelling of aggression towards a
  performance goal
• use peer pressure avoid letting the side down