Nuclear Chemistry

1
Nuclear Chemistry
I. Nuclear Radiation
-the ______ of some ______ are _______ and
undergo _______ ________
nuclei
atoms
unstable
nuclear
reactions
1895
Wilhelm
German
physicist
-in _____, _______ _________ ________ _________
discovered that ________ ____ that he called
______ were emitted from the surface of certain
materials when they were __________ with ________
Roentgen
invisible
rays
X-rays
bombarded
electrons
Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)
An X-ray taken by Roentgen
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_RC3B6ntgen
2
Nuclear Chemistry
I. Nuclear Radiation
-in _____, _______ _________ _____ _________
discovered that _______ _____ produced
___________ ________ that ________ ___________
______
1896
French
physicist
Henri
Becquerel
uranium
salts
spontaneous
emissions
darkened
photographic
plates
-______ _____ named the process that _________
observed ____________, and in _____, _____ and
______ _____ identified two new ________,
________ and ________, the ____ __________
_________ to be identified
Marie
Curie
Becquerel
radioactivity
1898
Marie
Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)
Pierre
Curie
elements
Radium
Polonium
first
radioactive
elements
-_____ _________, ______ _____, and ______ _____
shared the ______ ______ _____ for _______, and
in _____, ______ _____ became the ____ person to
win ____ ______ ______ when she won the _____
_____ for _________
Henri
Becquerel
Pierre
Curie
Marie
Curie
1903
Nobel
Prize
Physics
1911
Marie
Curie
first
two
Nobel
Prizes
Nobel
Prize
Chemistry
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Becquerel
3
Nuclear Chemistry
II. Radioactive Decay
-the ___________ ________ caused by _______ in
the _______ is overcome by the ______ _______
_____, which is created by the interaction of
_________ ________ called ______, which make up
_______ and _______, and ______, which ______
_______ together
electrostatic
repulsion
protons
nucleus
strong
nuclear
force
subatomic
particles
quarks
protons
neutrons
gluons
glue
quarks
-the ______ ______ _____ is _______ during the
_______ ________ that ______ the ____ and
_____, _______ ______ ______ and ______ ______
strong
nuclear
force
released
Nobel Prize winners Marie and Pierre Curie in
1904 with future Nobel Prize winner Irène
(Joliot-Curie)
nuclear
reactions
power
Sun
stars
nuclear
power
plants
nuclear
bombs
http//www.aip.org/history/curie/recdis2.htm
4
Nuclear Chemistry
II. Radioactive Decay
-_______ ________ depends on the _______ between
___________ ________ and ______ _______ _____
nuclear
stability
balance
electrostatic
repulsion
strong
nuclear
force
-___________ _________ _________ with an
________ in _______ of _______, but ___________
_________ does not _______ with an _______ in
_______ of ________, while ______ _______ _____
does, so the _______- ___-_______ _____ in
_____ with ____ _______ must be around ____ in
order for the _______ to be _______, while the
_______-___- _______ _____ must be around _____
in order for the _______ to be _______ in
______ with ____ _______
electrostatic
repulsion
increases
increase
number
protons
electrostatic
repulsion
increase
increase
number
neutrons
strong
nuclear
force
neutron
to
proton
ratio
atoms
lt 20
protons
11
nucleus
stable
neutron
to
proton
ratio
1.51
Mushroom cloud over the city of Nagasaki, Japan,
on August 9, 1945, due to the explosion of
the atomic bomb Fatman. 42,000 people died
instantly, and 40,000 more were injured
nucleus
stable
atoms
gt 20
protons
5
Nuclear Chemistry
II. Radioactive Decay
-________ with ________-___-_______ ______ lying
_______ ____ and _____ lie within the _____ ___
_______ and are ______ all others are
__________, starting at ______ ______ ___
isotopes
neutron
to
proton
ratios
between
11
1.51
band
of
stability
stable
radioactive
atomic
number
83
What is the neutron-to-proton ratio of
Bismuth-209, to the nearest hundredth?
mass number
atomic number
Bismuth-209
neutron-to-proton ratio

number of neutrons
number of protons
209 - 83
neutron-to-proton ratio

83
neutron-to-proton ratio

1.52 1
6
Nuclear Chemistry
II. Radioactive Decay
A. Alpha Decay
-________ with more than ___ _______
_____________ ______ to ______ the _______ of
_______ and ________ by _____ _____
isotopes
83
protons
spontaneously
decay
reduce
number
protons
neutrons
alpha
decay
?

234 - 90
neutron-to-proton ratio


1.60 1
90
Uranium-238
Thorium-234
alpha particle (radiation)
238 - 92
neutron-to-proton ratio

226 - 86
?
neutron-to-proton ratio


1.63 1
92
86
neutron-to-proton ratio

1.59 1
?


Radium-230
Radon-226
230 - 88
neutron-to-proton ratio


1.61 1
88
?
222 - 84
neutron-to-proton ratio


1.64 1
84
?


neutron-to-proton ratio

1.66 1
Polonium-222
Lead-218
7
Nuclear Chemistry
II. Radioactive Decay
B. Beta Decay
-________ that lie above the _____ of _______
have too many ________ relative to their ______
of _______
isotopes
band
stability
neutrons
number
protons
-______ undergo _____ ______ to ________ the
_______ of ________ and ________ the _______ of
_______, by breaking down a _______ into a ____
______ and emitting a _____ ________ (_____
______ ________)
atoms
beta
decay
decrease
number
neutrons
increase
number
protons
neutron
new
proton
beta
particle
high
energy
electron
ß

Carbon-14
Nitrogen-14
beta particle (radiation)
neutron-to-proton ratio

1.33 1
neutron-to-proton ratio

1 1
ß

Bromine-84
Krypton-84
beta particle
8
Nuclear Chemistry
II. Radioactive Decay
C. Positron Emission
-__________ ______ that involves ________ of a
________, a ________ with the same _____ as an
_______ but with the ________ _______
radioactive
decay
emission
positron
particle
mass
electron
opposite
charge

Boron-11
positron
Carbon-11
neutron-to-proton ratio

0.83 1 (too low to be stable)
neutron-to-proton ratio

1.20 1

positron
Potassium-40
Argon-40

positron
Nitrogen-13
Carbon-13
9
Nuclear Chemistry
II. Radioactive Decay
D. Electron Capture
-__________ ______ that involves the _______ of
an ________ from the _______ ______ _____ of the
_______ _____ by the _______ of an _____ whose
_______-___- ______ _____ is too ____ and lies
_______ the _____ of ________
radioactive
decay
capture
electron
lowest
energy
level
electron
cloud
nucleus
atom
neutron
to
proton
ratio
low
outside
band
stability

Rubidium-81
Krypton-81
electron
neutron-to-proton ratio

1.19 1 (too low to be stable)
neutron-to-proton ratio

1.25 1

Aluminum-26
Magnesium-26
electron