Nuclear Chemistry

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Nuclear Chemistry
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Nuclear Chemistry Objectives

• Students will be able to identify what
  radioisotopes are and why they undergo
  radioactivity.
• Students will be able to compare properties of
  nuclear reactions with chemical reactions.
• Students will demonstrate understanding of
  radioactive decay through application and
  graphing.
• Students will assess the application of nuclear
  chemistry as a continual alternative resource of
  energy for developed countries.
• Students will understand and classify nuclear
  reactions by the types of radiation produced.

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Nuclear Reactions vs. Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions
Nuclear Reactions
Similarities
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Radioisotopes

• Radioisotopes Atoms with unstable nuclei.
• Why are some atoms nuclei unstable?
• (Use nuclear stability graph to answer this
  question)

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Nuclear Band of Stability
http//www.hasdeu.bz.edu.ro/softuri/fizica/mariana
/Atomica/Table/lessons/11nuclear/nuclear.htm
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Radioisotopes

• Radioisotopes Atoms with unstable nuclei.
• Unstable nucleus disproportional ratio of
  protons to neutrons to stabilize nucleus.

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Nuclear Band of Stability
Big Misconception Stable nucleus means equal
number of protons and neutrons. From graph,
students confirmed that most elements with a
stable nucleus needs more neutrons to minimize
the repulsion force between protons with a
similar charge.
http//www.hasdeu.bz.edu.ro/softuri/fizica/mariana
/Atomica/Table/lessons/11nuclear/nuclear.htm
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Radioisotopes

• Radioisotopes Atoms with unstable nuclei.
• Unstable nucleus disproportional ratio of
  protons to neutrons to stabilize nucleus.
• Most elements with atomic s lt 83 have at least
  one radioisotope.
• All elements with atomic s gt 83 are
  radioisotopes.

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Radiosotopes Notation

• What is the radioisotope notation for each of the
  following?
• a. Polonium (Po). It has a mass number of 210.
• b. Plutonium (Pu). It has a mass number of 245.
• c. Rn-240 with an atomic number of 86.
• d. Th-230.

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Nuclear Reactions Bell Ringer

• Identify a similarity and a difference between
  chemical and nuclear reactions?
• 2. What is a radioisotope?
• 3. Using the Nuclear Band of Stability graph to
  determine which of the following elements are
  radioisotopes.
• C -12 b. C-14 c. U-238
  d. Nd-140

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Nuclear Band of Stability
http//www.hasdeu.bz.edu.ro/softuri/fizica/mariana
/Atomica/Table/lessons/11nuclear/nuclear.htm
12
Nuclear Reactions

• Reactions that occur within the nucleus of
  radioisotopes in order to stabilize it.
• Also called radioactive decay radioactivity
• Spontaneous reactions (occurs naturally).
• Reaction rates remain constant for radioisotopes
  despite changes in temperature, pressure, or
  addition of a catalyst.

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Nuclear Equations

• Illustrate the nuclear process in which
  radioisotopes become stable.

parent decays a
daughter isotope isotope
particle (stable) (unstable)

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Infinite Campus Update

• Radioactivity article questions (10pts)
• Due Mon., March 19th Graphing Skills Wksht
  (10pts.)
• 
  Radioactive Decay Lab (15pts.)
• Due Tues., March 20th Formal Lab Report draft
  (15pts.)

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Nuclear Reactions

• Reactions that occur within the nucleus of
  radioisotopes in order to stabilize it.
• Also called radioactive decay radioactivity
• Spontaneous reactions (occurs naturally).
• Reaction rates remain constant for radioisotopes
  despite changes in temperature, pressure, or
  addition of a catalyst.

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Nuclear Equations

• Illustrate the nuclear process in which
  radioisotopes become stable.

parent decays a
daughter isotope isotope
particle (stable) (unstable)

• Half-Life The time it takes for half of the
  radioisotope sample (parent isotopes) to decay
  into a more stable isotope (daughter isotope)

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Graphing Skills Worksheet
of Half-Lives Parent Isotope (grams) Daughter Isotope (grams) of Half-Lives Parent Isotope (grams) Daughter Isotope (grams)
0 3
1 4
2 5
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Radioactive Decay Lab

• Purpose Simulate and graph the radioactive decay
  of an artificial radioisotope, MMium.
• Revised Procedures
• Pre-Lab Questions
• What side of the candy represents the parent
  isotope?
• What side of the candy represent the daughter
  isotope?
• What is the half-life of the MMium radioisotope?
• Hypothesis Complete on lab.

thefoxisblack.com
usd314.k12.ks.us
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Radioactive Decay Lab Revised Procedures

• Carefully pour the MMium radioisotope sample
  onto a plate.
• Count the number of MMium radioisotopes in
  sample and record in table under 0 half-life.
• Cover sample with another plate and gently shake
  for 10 seconds. Record time in table under first
  half-life.
• Remove the top plate and count the number of
  MMiums that have decayed into the daughter
  isotope(candy with no MM print) during the first
  half-life. Record in table.
• Consume the daughter isotopes (decayed isotopes).
  
• Count the remaining MMium radioisotopes after
  the first half-life and record in table.
• Continue shaking for 10 seconds, counting,
  recording, and consuming until all the MMium
  sample has decayed into the more stable daughter
  isotope.
• Graph the rate of decay for the MMium
  radioisotope and the rate of production for the
  daughter isotope.
• Independent variable half-life time (seconds)
• Dependent variable number of isotopes

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Radioactive Decay Lab Data Table
Number of Half-Lives Total Time (seconds) of MMiums (parent isotope) Daughter Isotope (decayed)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Nuclear Radiation

• Nuclear Radiation matter and large amounts of
  energy produced during a nuclear reaction.
• Three types of nuclear radiation
• Alpha radiation (a )
• Beta radiation (ß)
• Gamma radiation (?)

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Types of Nuclear Radiation

• Types of radiation can be classified by their
  charges.

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Nuclear Radiation
Types of radiation can be classified by type
of shielding.
paper
(alpha particle)
wood
(beta particle)
concrete or lead
(gamma particle)
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Nuclear Energy
www.nukepills.com
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Bell Ringer Nuclear Chemistry

• What is a radioisotope and give an example of an
  element that has or is one?
• Write the radioisotope notation for radon which
  has a mass of 221?
• Identify a similarity and difference between
  chemical and nuclear reactions?

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Nuclear Chemistry Objectives

• Students will be able to identify what
  radioisotopes are and why they undergo
  radioactivity.
• Students will be able to compare properties of
  nuclear reactions with chemical reactions.
• Students will demonstrate understanding of
  radioactive decay through application and
  graphing.
• Students will assess the application of nuclear
  chemistry as a continual alternative resource of
  energy for developed countries.

27
Nuclear Energy
www.nukepills.com
28
Radioactive Decay DataMMium
Half-Life Total Time (sec.) (x-axis) MMium parent isotope (Unstable) Daughter Isotope (stable)
0 0 200 0
1 10
2 20
3 30
4 40
5 50
6 60
7 70

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Kandium Radioactive Lab

• 1. a.How much of the daughter isotope is present
  at
• 38 seconds?
• b. How much of the parent isotope is
  present at 38 seconds?

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(No Transcript)
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Nuclear ChemistryHomework Problems
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Nuclear Chemistry Objectives

• Students will understand and classify nuclear
  reactions by the types of radiation produced.

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Nuclear Radiation

• Types of radiation can be classified by changes
  in mass number and atomic number between the
  parent isotope and the daughter isotope.

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Alpha (a ) Radiation
parent decays a
daughter isotope isotope
particle (stable) (unstable)
(He nucleus)

• change in mass number
• change in atomic number

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Transmutation

• Transmutation
• An element is converted to a new element during
  radioactive decay.
• A parent isotope is converted to daughter isotope
• An unstable atom converted to a more stable atom.
• Atomic number changes during radioactive decay

parent decays a
daughter isotope isotope
particle (stable) (unstable)
(He nucleus)
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Alpha (a) Radiation

• a symbol
• a charge?
• a shielding?
• Does transmutation occur when a radiation is
  emitted during radioactive decay?

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Beta (ß) Radiation

• 
  ß particle
• 
  
• change in mass number
• change in atomic number

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Beta (ß) Radiation

• ß symbol?
• ß charge?
• ß shielding?
• Does a transmutation occur when ß radiation is
  emitted during radioactive decay?

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Gamma (?) Radiation
?
parent decays a
daughter isotope ? isotope
particle (stable)
(unstable) (He nucleus)

• change in mass number
• change in atomic Number

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Gamma(?) Radiation

• ? symbol?
• ? charge?
• ? shielding?
• Does it cause transmutation when ? radiation is
  emitted during radioactive decay?

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Bell Ringer

• Identify which isotope is least stable?
• a. F, F b.
  Al , Al
• What is the nuclear equation for the alpha decay
  of the following radioisotope? U-235
• If the products of a nuclear reaction are
• Xe-131 and a ß particle what would the equation
  be?

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Nuclear Chemistry Objective

• Students can explain the difference between
  fission and fusion.
• Students can analyze the benefits and risks of
  nuclear energy

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Transmutation

• Transmutation occurs during
• 1. Radioactive Decay
• 2. Bombarding an atoms nucleus with particles.
• -can occur naturally or artificially
• -can cause or change the rate of a nuclear
  reaction.

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Fission vs. Fusion
Fission
Fusion
Similarities
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Nuclear Fission

• Fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus by
  bombarding it with neutrons.

cikguwong.blogspot.com
chm.bris.ac.uk
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Nuclear Fission Application

• Generates electricity where only steam is
  released into the environment.

chm.bris.ac.uk
english-online.at
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Nuclear Fission Problem

• Nuclear Waste Spent fuel rods must be disposed
  of properly. (pg. 812 in text)
• On-site or off-site holding tanks called pools.

coto2.wordpress.com
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Nuclear Fusion

• Nuclear Fusion Small radioisotope nuclei
  combine.
• mrbarlow.wordpress.
  com

mrbarlow.wordpress.com
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Nuclear Fusion

• Produces immense amount of energy.
• Does not produce nuclear waste
• Applications? Not yet.
• Requires immense amount of energy.
• Example sun (40,000,000 0C)

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