Title: Contemporary Issues In Leadership
1Chapter 13
- Contemporary Issues In Leadership
2Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Framing Using Words to Shape Meaning and Inspire
Others - Framing the use of language to manage meaning
- Through framing leaders determine whether pepoe
notice problems, how they understand and remember
problems, and how they react to problems
3Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Inspirational approaches to Leadership
- Charismatic Leadership
- Max Weber (1950s) a certain quality of an
individual personality, by virtue o which he or
she is set apart frm ordinary people and treated
as endowed with supernaturally, superhuman, or at
least specifically exceptional powers or
qualities. These are not accessible to the
ordinary personal but are regarded as of divine
origin or exemplary, and on the basis of them the
individual concerned is treated as a leader.
4Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Inspirational approaches to Leadership (cont)
- Robert House Charismatic Leadership Theory
- Followers make attributions of heriod or
extraordinary leadership abilities when they
observe certain behaviors - Visions
- Willing to take personal risks to achieve the
vision - Sensitive to followers needs
- Exhibit behaviors that are ou of the ordinary
5Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Inspirational approaches to Leadership (cont)
- Charismatic Leaders born or made?
- Individuals are born with traits that make them
charismatic - Most experts believe that individuals can be
treaied to exhibit charismatic behaviors - Optimistic view
- Creating a bond that inspires others to follow
- Brings out the potential in followers by tapping
into the emotions
6Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Inspirational approaches to Leadership (cont)
- How charismatic Leaders influcence Foloowers
- Four Step Process
- Vision a long-term strategy on how to attain a
goal or goals - Vision statement a formal articulation of an
organizations vision or mission - New set of values
- sets and example for followers to imitate
7Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Inspirational approaches to Leadership (cont)
- Does Effective Charismatic Leadership Depend on
the Situation? - Research shows that there are correlations
between charismatic leadership and high
performance and satisfaction among followers - Organizations with charismatic CEOs are motivated
to exert extra work effort and express greater
satisfaction - Charisma may not always be generalizable
8Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Inspirational approaches to Leadership
- Does Effective Charismatic Leadership Depend on
the Situation? (cont) - Appears to be most successful when the followers
task has an ideological component or when the
environment involes a high degree of stress and
uncertainty - Charisma probably has more direct relevance to
explaining the success and failures of chief
executives than of lower-level managers - May affect some followers more than others
9Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Does Effective Charismatic Leadership Depend on
the Situation? - The Dark Side of Charismatic Leadership
- Charismatic CEOs were able to use their charisma
to leverage higher salaries even when their
performance was mediocre - Many use their power to remake organizations in
their own image - Blurred boundaries separating their personal
interests from their organizations interests - Intolerant of criticism
- Can reach beyond the walls of the workplace
10Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Transformational leadership
- Transactional leaders (Fiedler) guide or motivate
their followers in the direction of established
goals by clarifying role and task requirements - Transformational leaders inspire followers to
transcend their own self-interests for the good
of the organization - Not opposing approaches
11Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Transformational leadership (cont)
- Full range of leadership model
- See Exhibit 13-3 in book
- How transformational leadership works
- Encourage followers to be more innovative and
creative - Followers are more likely to pursue ambitious
goals, be familiar with and agree on the
strategic goals of the organization and believe
that the goals they are pursuing are personally
important - Research shows that vision is more important
that a charismatic communication style in
explaining the success of entrepreneurial firms - Engenders commitment on the part of the followers
and instills in them a greater sense of trust in
the leader
12Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Transformational leadership (cont)
- Evaluation of transformational leadership
- Studies show that
- Has broad cross-cultural support
- Related to the motivations and satisfaction of
followers and to the higher performance and
perceived effectiveness of leaders - Contingent reward leadership is sometimes more
effective than transformational leadership
13Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Transformational leadership (cont)
- Transformational Leadership vs. Charismatic
Leadership - House considers them synonymous
- Bass considers charisma to be part of
transformational leadership - Transformational leadership is broader than
charisma - Charisma by itself is insufficient to account for
the transformational process
14Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Transformational leadership
- Transformational Leadership vs. Charismatic
Leadership (cont) - Studies show that a leader who scores high on
transformational leadership is also likely to
score high on charisma measures may be roughly
equivalent
15Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Authentic Leadership Ethics and Trust Are the
Foundation of Leadership - Jean Paul Sartre (1700s) an authentic person
needs to be honest with oneself and avoid
self-deception - Authentic leaders
- Know who they are
- Know what they believe in and value
- Act on those values and beliefs openly and
candidly
16Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Authentic Leadership (cont)
- Ethics and Leadership
- Transformtional leaders have been described by
one authority as fostering moral virtue when they
try to change the attitudes and behaviors of
followers - Unethical leaders are more likely to use their
charisma to enhance power over followers - Leadership effectiveness needs to address the
means that a leader uses in trying to achieve
goals as well as the content of those goals
17Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Authentic Leadership (cont)
- Trust
- a positive expectation that another will not act
opportunistically - A history dependent process based on relevant but
limited samples of experience - Involves making oneself vulnerable by disclosing
intimate information or rely on anothers
promises - Provides the opportunity for disappointment or to
be taken advantage of - Willingness to take risks is common to all trust
situations
18Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Authentic Leadership (cont)
- Key dimensions of trust
- Integrity
- Competence
- Consistency
- Loyalty
19Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Authentic Leadership (cont)
- Trust and leadership
- When trust is broken it has serious adverse
effects on a groups performance - Trust and trust-worthiness modulate the leaders
access to knowledge and cooperation - If peole are going to follow somone willingly
they first want to assure themselves that the
person is worthy of their trust
20Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Authentic Leadership (cont)
- Types of Trust
- Deterrence-based based on fear of reprisal if
the trust is violated - One violation or inconsistency can destroy the
relationship - Only works to the degree that puishment is
possible, consequences are clear, and the
punishment is actually imposed if the trust if
violated - Most new relationship begin on a base of
deterrence
21Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Authentic Leadership
- Types of Trust (cont)
- Knowledge Based
- Based on behavioral predictability that comes
from a history of interaction - Relies on information rather than deterrence
- The more communication and regula interaction the
more this form of trust can be developed and
depended upon
22Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Authentic Leadership
- Types of Trust (cont)
- Identification Based
- Emotional connection between the parties
- Allows one party to act as an agent for the other
and substitute for that person in interpersonal
transactions
23Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Authentic Leadership (cont)
- Basic Principals of Trust
- Mistrust drives out trust
- Trust begets trust
- Growth often masks mistrust
- Decline or downsizing test the highest levels of
trust - Trust increases cohesion
- Mistrusting groups self-destruct
- Mistrust generally reduces productivity
24Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Authentic Leadership (cont)
- Is Trust in Leaders Declining?
- Americans seem to have faith in each other
- General public holds corporate leaders in pretty
low regard - Corporate employers show considerably more trust
in their own senior management than senior
management shows in them
25Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Contemporary Leadership Roles
- Providing Team Leadership
- Challenge for most managers is to learn how to
become an effective team leader - Know when to leave teams alone
- Team leaders are
- Liaisons with external constituencies
- Troubleshooters
- Conflict managers
- Coaches
26Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Contemporary Leadership Roles (cont)
- Mentoring
- Mentor a senior employee who sponsors and
supports a less-experienced employee - Functions (see page 449)
- Career functions
- Psychological function
- Formal vs. Informal mentoring
- Informal mentoring is the most effective
mentoring relationship outside the immediate
boss-subordinate interface
Contemporary Issues In Leadership
27Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Contemporary Leadership Roles (cont)
- Mentoring (cont)
- Mentor has unfiltered access to the attitudes and
feelings of lower-ranking employees - Protégés can be an excellent source of of
identifying potential problems by providing early
warning signals - Minorities and women are less likely to
participate in a mentoring relationships
28Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Contemporary Leadership Roles (cont)
- Self-leadership
- Model self-leadership
- Encourage employees to create self-set goals
- Encourage the use of self-rewards to strengthen
and increase desirable behaviors - Create positive thought patterns
- Create a climate of self-leadership
- Encourage self-criticism
29Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Contemporary Leadership Roles (cont)
- Online leadership
- Has received minimal attention from OB
- Need for good communication
- Tone of message needs to correctly reflect
emotions - Must match urgency or importance
- Leaders must choose a style
- Emoticons
- Jargon
- Abbreviations
30Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Challenges to the Leadership Construct
- Much of the success or failure of an organization
lies outside the role of leadership - Leadership may be more about appearances than
reality - Some leadership will always be effective
regardless of the situation
31Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Challenges to the Leadership Construct (cont)
- Leadership as an Attribution
- Attribution theory leadership is merely an
attribution that people make about other
individuals - At the organizational level, the attribution
framework account for the conditions under which
people use leadership to explain organizational
outcomes - Perception that effective leaders are generally
considered consistent in their decisions - Appearance is more important than actual
accomplishments
32Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Challenges to the Leadership Construct (cont)
- Substitutes and neutralizers to leadership (see
exhibit 13-7) - Neutralizers make it impossible for leader
behavior to make any difference to follower
outcomes they negate the leaders influence - Certain individual, job and organizational
variables can act a substitutes for leadership
make leadership unnecessary
33Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Finding and Creating Effective Leaders
- Selection
- Testing high scoring self-monitors are likely
to outperform their low-scoring counterparts
because the former are better at reading
situation and adjusting their behavior
accordingly - Interviews
- Training
- Much of the money spent on training leadership
may be wasted - People are not equally trainable
34Contemporary Issues In Leadership
- Finding and Creating Effective Leaders
- Training (cont)
- What ca we train people to do?
- Implementation skills
- Trust building and mentoring
- Situational analysis skills
- Behavioral training through modeling exercises
can increase an individuals ability to exhibit
charismatic leadership qualities