History of Law Enforcement

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History of Law Enforcement

• Officer Marc S. Gray
• Officer Larry Hayes

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Objectives

• Identify the role of Police in Society.
• Discuss the Origins of Modern Law Enforcement.
• Describe the development of municipal and county
  law enforcement agencies.
• Trace the development of state police
• Explain the development of the federal system of
  law enforcement.

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The First Recorded Police Organization

• Occurred in Egypt under Pharaoh Hur Moheb, in
  approximately 1340 B.C.
• Hur Moheb established a river security force to
  ensure navigational safety on the Nile.
• They prevented piracy, guarded commerce, and
  searched suspect ships.

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Police

• The word Police is a derivative of the Greek word
  Politeria.
• It refers to the portion of government that has
  to do with the protection of life and property,
  the preservation of public peace and order, and
  the prevention and suppression of crime.

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Romes influence on Law Enforcement

• During the reign of Augustus Caesar the police
  became a special unit of the Roman government.
• Had Various Grades of Officers.
• Romes population was approximately 750,000.
• Police Force was an estimated 7,000 strong, and
  divided into seven divisions.

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Romes influence on Law Enforcement

• Caesar divided Rome into 14 districts.
• Each had a commanding Officer and 500 officers.
• These districts represent the first police
  precincts, a system still used today in large
  metropolitan areas.

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What does this tell us?

• Every society has required some form of police
  services.
• They established the maintenance of order, the
  enforcement of law, and the prevention of crime
  as police functions from early human history.

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ENGLISH ROOTS

• American law enforcement concepts originated in
  England.
• In approximately 900 A.D. in early medieval
  England, law enforcement became the
  responsibility of the citizens,
• Crime victims would seek justice in the form of
  retribution or revenge.

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ENGLISH ROOTS

• After the Norman Conquest in 1066, King William
  (the Conqueror) instituted a form of policing
  called the frankpledge system.
• In this system, every male over 12 was required
  to watch over a group of ten families, called a
  tithing.
• Members were sworn to apprehend, and bring before
  the court, those within their tithing who
  committed a crime.

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ENGLISH ROOTS

• Ten Tithings were grouped together to from one
  hundred families, these were called Shires.
• The top law enforcement official was called a
  Shire Reeve.
• This is where the term Sheriff comes from.
• The Shire Reeve was sometimes assisted by
  constables on the local level to apprehend
  criminals.

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ENGLISH ROOTS

• The Statue of Winchester was passed in 1285,
  establishing the constable (night-watch) system
  of protection.
• One man from each parish was selected as
  constable.
• Constables drafted citizens, watchmen, who
  guarded the city at night.
• The watchmen were not paid, and often were not
  doing their job.

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ENGLISH ROOTS

• In 1326, the Shire Reeve was replaced by the
  Justice of The Peace.
• The Justice of the Police and the Constables
  supervised law enforcement activities.
• These aspects carried over until the mid 1700s.

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ENGLISH ROOTS

• In the mid 1700s when military was used for
  crime control, law enforcement was ineffective in
  London, England.
• Henry Fielding, a London magistrate, put together
  a group of eight paid law enforcement agents to
  investigate crime in the entertainment district
  of London.

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ENGLISH ROOTS

• They were called The Bow Street Runners
• This were basically what today is a Criminal
  Investigative Division (CID).
• His ideas paved the way for a more efficient and
  professional response to crime and apprehension
  of criminals.

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ENGLISH ROOTS

• Sir Robert Peel
• Father of Modern
• Day Policing
• 1788-1850

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ENGLISH ROOTS

• In 1829, the English Parliament, led by Sir
  Robert Peel mandated publicly funded police
  forces.
• Under the Metropolitan Police Act, a 1,000
  member uniformed police force was created.
• They were known as bobbies or Peelers.

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ENGLISH ROOTSSir Robert Peel

• The London Police was structured according to
  military rank.
• The police forces main function was to prevent
  crime without force by preventative policing.

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Sir Robert Peels12 Principals of Policing

• The Police must be stable, efficient, and
  organized along military lines.
• The police must be under government control.
• The absence of crime will best prove efficiency
  of police
• The distribution of crime news is essential.

• The deployment of police strength by both time
  and area is essential.
• No quality is more indispensable to a policeman
  than a prefect command of temper a quiet,
  determined manner has more effect than violent
  action.

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Sir Robert Peels12 Principals of Policing

• Good appearance commands respect.
• The securing and training of proper persons is at
  the root of efficiency.
• Public security demands that every police officer
  be given a number

• Police headquarters should be centrally located
  and easily accessible to the people.
• Policemen should be hired on a probationary
  basis.
• Police records are necessary to the correct
  distribution of police strength.