America: An Emerging World Power

1
America An Emerging World Power

• 1877-1914
• A Move Towards Rapprochement
• Hello
• RV and SS

2
The Roots of Expansion
3
The Economics of Expansion

• GDP quadrupled between 1870-1900, increasing
  exports.
• Surplus goods necessitate markets.
• (U.S. started to look to Asia, rather than just
  Europe and Canada)
• Production outpaced consumption good for
  international finance.

4
The Economics of Expansion

• Non-Western markets represented future promise,
  not current value.
• The pace of European imperialism accelerated
  after the Berlin Conference, challenging American
  interests in Latin America.
• Securing the markets of Latin America and Asia
  became urgent.

5
The Making of a Large Foreign Policy

• Mahans The Influence of Seapower
• Argued the key to imperial power was control of
  the seas.
• Power navy needed to protect American commerce
  and overseas bases.
• Called for a canal across Central America.
• Encouraged politicians to form a cohesive
  foreign policy.

6
The Making of a Large Foreign Policy

• Congress appropriated funds of a two-ocean navy
  in 1890.
• Although Harrisons Hawaii annexation plans were
  cancelled by Cleveland, the latters
  administration supported commercial vitality and
  naval power.

7
The Making of a Large Foreign Policy

• Enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine
• USSOS Olney invoked it when
• Border disputes erupted between Venezuela and
  Guiana.
• The Cuban revolt threatened vital U.S. interests
  in the Caribbean.
• Olney forcefully asserts Other countries will
  have to accommodate Americas need for more and
  larger markets.

8
The Ideology of Expansionism

• Social Darwinist Theory
• U.S. Survival U.S. Expansion
• Inherent Superiority of the Anglo-Saxon Race
• Manifest Destiny
• Fiske
• Every land on the earths surface should be
  English, politically, language, religion,
  bloodline.
• Turner
• Link between overseas expansion and the closing
  of the frontier.

9
The Cuban Crisis

• Cuban rebels make a case for the Cuba Libre in
  N.Y.
• Hearst puts it on the front page of the N.Y.
  Journal., and the Cuban cause garners American
  sympathy and outrage.
• Expressed as jingoism
• Cleveland reluctant to get involved, but McKinley
  recognized the threat to U.S. economic interests
  in the Caribbean.

10
The Cuban Crisis

• Sep. 18, 1897 The U.S. informs the Spanish that
  it is time to end the war, or the U.S. will take
  steps to intervene.
• Spain makes a weak offer to Cuba it rejects.
• NYJ publishes letter of Dupuy de Lome, which
  criticized Pres. McKinley as weak.
• A week later the Maine sinks in Havana Harbor?
  potential justification for war with Spain.

11
The Cuban Crisis

• McKinley continues to proceed cautiously, but
  demands from Spain an armistice, abandonment of
  reconcentration practices, and peace
  negotiations.
• Congressional resolutions authorizing
  intervention in Cuba contained an amendment
  disclaiming an intention by the U.S. of taking
  Cuban possessions.

12
The Cuban Crisisand a good, provable essay
thesis.

• Historians generally agree that it was not
  because McKinley had imperialist ambitions that
  he gave Spain the ultimatum, but once it rejected
  his terms and a war started, he capitalized on
  the opportunity to expand.

13
To the Victor, Go the Spoils. Of War, that is

• When all was said and done, Spain agreed to
• Liberate Cuba
• Cede Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S.
• Allow American forces to occupy Manila
  (Philippines), pending a peace treaty.
• What should America do with the Philippines?

14
To the Victor Go the Spoils, of War, that is

• McKinley
• We will not return the island to harsh Spanish
  rule
• The Filipinos are unfit to rule themselves.
• An correlations?
• U.S. bought the island of 20 m.
• Opponents of the Paris Treaty cited Republican
  principles
• the federal government cannot conquer an alien
  people and hold them in subjugation.

15
To the Victor Go the Spoils, of War, that is

• Anti-imperialist Leagues sprung up
• (Barak Obama would have been part of this).
• Were not effective because they had nothing else
  in common and never developed a popular movement.
  

16
To the Victor Go the Spoils, or War that is

• Before the Senate ratified the Treaty of Paris,
  fighting broke out between American and Filipino
  patrols.
• Ironically, American forces utilized
  reconcentration tactics that the Spanish had
  used.
• Shades of Iraq?
• Also, Cubans turned their guns on American
  forces.

17
To the Victor Go the Spoils, of War that is

• Americans had not anticipated the brutal methods
  needed to subdue the Filipino guerillas
• The Jones Act (1916) granted the Philippines
  independence, but set no formal date (it came
  after WWII).
• In a few short years, the U.S. moved into a
  position of what is commonly called a World
  Power.

18
Onto the World Stage
19
Roosevelts Big Stick Diplomacy

• Supported bloodless Panamanian rebellion
  against Columbia
• Thereafter Panama leased the Canal zone.
• Platt Amendment
• Gave the U.S. unlimited access in Cuba, and
  rights of intervention as condition for
  self-governance.
• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doct.

20
The Roosevelt Corollary

• Unrestricted right to American to regulate
  Caribbean affairs, as seen on the following
  occasions when domestic order broke down
• US occupation of Cuba (1906)
• Nicaragua (1909)
• Haiti and Dominican Republic (continuous)

21
Open Door in Asia

• John Hays Open Door Note
• Claimed the right of equal trade access for all
  nations who want to do business there.
• U.S. joins multilateral campaign to crush the
  Boxer Rebellion.
• Other powers not happy about Americas vying for
  position in Asia.

22
Open Door Policy in Asia