Direct Payments

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Direct Payments other mechanisms for
ecosystemConservation

• The Tanzania Land Conservation Trust in the
  Maasai Steppe The Wildlife Conservation lease
  program in Kitengela

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Masai SteppeTarangire-Manyara system

• AWFs Heartland approach -- focuses on large
  landscapes of significant wildlife value across
  Africa.
• Tarangire Manyara one such HL
• Comprises
• Tarangire Nat. Park 2,600 sq. km
• L. Manyara Nat. park 330sq. km
• Dispersal areas --- Simanjiro, and corridors that
  link these 2 protected areas
• Conservation targets for the landscape

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The Tanzania Land Conservation Trust

• Registered in July 2000, aims to provide an
  alternative mechanism for conserving critical
  conservation land in Tanzania.
• to benefit conservation and local communities who
  live with wildlife adjacent to its lands.
• Has a board of 8 Trustees
• Its Trust deed provides for steering committee in
  each land that is acquired by the Trust
• Has acquired the first piece of land the Manyara
  Ranch

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The Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem
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Why Manyara?

• Is an important land unit between L. Manyara and
  Tarangire National Parks.
• Provides corridor space for elephant, wildebeest
  and zebra, is home to populations of eland, oryx,
  greater and lesser Kudu, warthog, leopard,
  impala, giraffe and is rich in bird life.

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Acquisition of Manyara

• Government of Tanzania wanted to privatise all
  livestock ranches owned by the Narco including
  Manyara
• Group formed to Lobby against privatisation.
• TLCT proposed as an alternative mechanism
  combining community access to particular
  resources as well as a revenue share from
  ranching and other conservation activities.
• Ranch turned over to the Tanzania Land
  Conservation Trust (TLCT) through Presidential
  order

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Activities proposed in the Manyara Ranch

• AWF working with the land Trust to
• Develop tourism in the ranch to generate income
• Define areas of access by local communities
  e.g. grass banks proposed for dry season use
  under conditions to be determined, and water.
• Development of a livestock improvement program
  for neighbouring pastoral communities

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Challenges of the TLCT

• New institution
• No funding of its own. Secretariat and project
  implementation current supported by AWF
• Capacity of the board still weak
• Sustainability issues
• Will it continue to espouse conservation
  communities benefits as its key focus
• Model untested in TZ

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The case for Kitengela

• The Kitengela is a part of the Athi-Kapiti
  ecosystem which comprises Nairobi National Park,
  the Kitengela and individually owned lands.
• The ecosystem is approx. 2,500 sq. km.
• The Nairobi park is only 114 sq. km
• Kitengela is located south of the park and
  Nairobi City and serves as migratory corridor and
  dispersal area for wildlife.

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Wildlife/Livestock Movement within the Athi-Kapiti
Wet season
Dry Season
Cattle
Wildebeest
Wet season
Dry Season
Zebra
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Land-Use Changes within Athi-Kapiti
1984
1990
2000
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Threats to the system

• Growing human population numbers and settlement
• Crop farming
• Fencing and quarrying along the areas previously
  used for dispersal and as migration corridors
• Changing land use especially rapid since the
  early 90s when the EPZ was developed in the
  Kitengela

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Impacts on the wildlife system

• Blockage and or disruption of important migration
  routes
• Habitat fragmentation and declining access to
  critical resources for WL in the ecosystem
• Declining numbers of wildlife,
• Increasing conflicts arising from these and other
  changes in the ecosystem

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The Kitengela Lease Program

• Aims to provide a financial incentive to
  encourage land owners south of the park to allow
  wildlife unrestricted access to their land.
• Started in April 2000, initially with 214 acres,
  in 2001 grew to 2,708 and in April 2002 was at
  7,000 acres. 14,000 acres are wait listed
• Landowners are paid US 4 per acre per year a
  figure close to the income individuals make from
  rearing livestock
• Payments made in 3 installments during the year

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Challenges to the program

• Rampant land sales
• Value of lease in comparison to land sales.
• Lack of other programs to supplement lease
  incomes
• Absence of a strong institutional mechanism to
• Hold leases on a long term basis, enforce the
  terms of the lease as program grows
• Insufficient funds to endow the program

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• Work on TLCT by AWFs Tanzania Program
• The Kitengela work by Helen Gichohi with support
  from Wildlife Conservation Society David
  Nkedianye of Friends of Nairobi National Park.