ChE 414 Chemical Engineering Laboratory II

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ChE 414Chemical Engineering Laboratory II
Instructor Dr. C. Niu

• September, 2006

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• Website http//www.engr.usask.ca/classes/CHE/414/
  index.html
• Text ChE 414.2 Laboratory Manual
• (available online at course website)
• Office hours Thurs Fri 1000 a.m. 1100 a.m.
• Rm 1C129 Eng. Bld.

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What Labs ?

• Surge Tank Data Acquisition and Process Dynamics
• Fermentation Kinetics of Yeast Growth
• Packed Column Pressure Drop and Flooding
• Filtration
• Centrifugal Pump

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What Courses related?

• Surge Tank CHE 413, 423
• (process dynamics and control)
• CHE 210, 320 (fluid mechanics)
• Fermentation CHE 461 (biochemical engineering)
• Packed column CHE 315, 421 (mass transfer)
• Filtration CHE 315, 421 (mass transfer)
• CHE 210, 320 (fluid mechanics)
• Centrifugal Pump CHE 210, 320 (fluid mechanics)

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Develop skills in - Equipment operation -
Data recording - Analysis of the data using
academic theory - Technical report writing in
the selected typical Chem. Eng. processes
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Marking

• Lab performance (4X2.5)
• Lab notebook 10
• Technical letters (2X10)
• Brief report 25
• Formal report 35
• Overall mark 100

No exam
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• Plagiarism is DEFINITELY NOT acceptable!
• Copy other peoples report
• Citing without referencing the source
• Plagiarism results in 0 mark for the report
• Be aware of Follow the new University of
  Saskatchewan Academic Honesty/Dishonesty
  definitions, rules and procedures
  www.usask.ca/honesty.

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Due Date and Overdue Penalty

• Due date
• 2 weeks after the experiment date.
• 10 free late hand-in days for the whole course
  
• Indicate on your report when use it.
• Penalty
• 10 of the full marks (100) per week (2/day)
  deducted from the late reports
• submissions will NOT be accepted after
• Dec. 18th, 2006.

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Requirements

• Lab performance
• Write-ups technical writing
• Fundamentals of each lab

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Lab performance

• Be prepared for
• Objectives
• Theory / knowledge
• Design of experiment
• Parameters to be measured
• Apparatuses, procedures and principles
• Find out what to learn
• Initiate the contact for the pre-lab help
• with the demonstrators the lab coordinator

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Lab performance
During the experiments

• Follow the experimental procedures
• Record observations in Lab Notebook
• Test the validity of data and/or results
• Pay attention to SAFETY issues
• personnel
• equipment

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Write-ups / Reports

• Technical memo
• Brief report
• Formal report
• Lab notebook during the experiments

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Write-ups / Reports

• Evaluate
• - understanding from the experimental labs.
• - technical writing skills
• Technical content academic theory, results.
• Writing organized, neat
• Language no grammar or typographic error
• Communication clearly delivery

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Write-ups / Reports

• One student is required to hand in
• 2 technical letters
• 1 brief report
• 1 formal report
• 1 lab notebook

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Write-ups / Reports

• No repetition in each group for
• formal report
• brief report
• technical letters

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Write-ups / Reports
In one group, you may label the 4 labs by A, B,
C, and D in your own order. Each member of the
group should keep the same order.
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Lab Notebook

• No sheets of paper
• Permanently bounded recorded
• Briefly outline the title, apparatus,
  experimental conditions and procedures before
  labs
• Suggest making table for recording data
• Record clearly all original observations
• simple calculations of data
• MUST be examined, dated and initialed by the TAs
  before leaving the laboratory

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Lab Notebook

• Refer to ChE 333 class website for
• RULES FOR LABORTORY NOTEBOOKS
• Submit the lab notebook
• at the end of the term for marking

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Technical Memorandum

• Body of text maximum two pages 
• Introduction
• - concise introduction of the system used
• - a brief statement of the objectives of the
  experiment
• - a general description of the procedure
  followed
• Results
• - discussions and comparison of all required
  results with values from literature
• - equations used
• - a brief table of results or major graphs
  attached to support the conclusions. 
• Conclusions and recommendations
• Sign your memo on the last page below the text

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To From (your name, group X) Re (Lab
name) Date (of the preparation of the memo)
Your group logo (optional)
The text of memo is put here below the line.
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ChE 414 - TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM GRADE
SHEET Student ___________________________________
___ Experiment __________________________________
____ Due Date ___/___/___ Date Recd
___/___/___ Late Penalty ___
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Formal Technical Report

• Title page and Table of Contents
• Abstract
• Table of contents, table of figures, table of
  tables
• Introduction
• Review of theory or literature
• Experimental Section apparatus and procedure
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• Nomenclature
• Reference
• Appendices

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Formal Technical Report

• Title page
• Course number
• Name (Your name and state the partners name)
• Lab title
• Prepared for (instructors name)
• Date lab done
• Date report due
• Table of contents

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Formal Technical Report

• Abstract
• State briefly the purpose of the investigation
• Describe briefly how the results are obtained
• Give all required results in a concise and
  quantitative format if possible.
• Use words, no tables, figures and equations
• Normally no more than 250 words.

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Formal Technical Report

• Introduction
• Include information on the subject of the
  investigation and its importance in industry
• Cite the references
• Describe clearly the objectives of the lab.

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Formal Technical Report

• Literature review or theory
• Provide sufficient theoretical background
• to the particular experiments
• Develop the equations or models to correlate your
  experimental data.
• detailed derivation placed in Appendix
• Describe how to obtain the model parameters and
  predict the particular system
• Cite the references

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Formal Technical Report

• Apparatus and Experimental Procedures
• Specify the main apparatuses used
• make, model and use
• Describe the procedures
• Highlight important experimental conditions
• Give the names of quality of the materials.
• Make sure other people can repeat your work and
  obtain the same results if they follow your
  description.

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Formal Technical Report

• Results and Discussions
• Present the significant experiment results
• required in the Lab Manual in words and graphs.
• State the data treatment processes and the
  outcomes.
• Discuss the results of experiments and model
  simulations or predictions.
• Compare your results with that in literatures if
  available.
• Logically discuss and lead to conclusions.

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Attention

• Consistent format
• The unit for every parameters in the equations
  has to be conformed.
• Figures or Tables in the body of text
• Titles of figures, axes, and tables
• Briefly state the experimental conditions
• Experimental data represented by unique symbol
  for each group of data in figures
• Modeling curves different lines with legends
• Show model significance when fitting models

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error bar 95 confidence interval
Modeling the effect of IS on Cr uptakes401 mg
AWUS, 200.2 mL solution
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Formal Technical Report

• Conclusions and Recommendations
• Conclusions should be summarized following the
  discussions.
• Lists your suggestions on how we can improve the
  labs.

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Formal Technical Report

• Nomenclature
• Completely lists the symbols that appear in your
  report, their definition and unit in a
  professional and consistent format.
• Refer to a published paper.

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Formal Technical Report

• Reference
• Completely lists every reference cited, mentioned
  or used in the text of the report in a
  professional and consistent format.
• Follows either the number order or the
  alphabetical order.

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Formal Technical Report

• Reference format examples
• In the text
• Adams concluded that 1. However, that
  conclusion may be suspicious because 2
• In the Reference section
• References
• 1. Adams, A. B. title of publication.
• 2. Cook, H. M., Author 2,
• Ref Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
  Research
• or in the text
• It was concluded ( Adams, 2001) that .
  However, that conclusion may be suspicious (Davis
  and Volesky, 2001) because (Niu, et. al., 2005)
• References
• Adams, A. B. year, title of publication,
  publisher, page (book)
• Davis, T. and B. Volesky, year, title of paper,
  volume, issue, pages (paper)
• Niu, C., M. Huang and M.Volesky, year .

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Formal Technical Report

• Appendices
• Raw data (neat with tables)
• Calculated data
• Sample calculation (using a set of data to show
  the steps of calculations)
• Tables and Figures

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Brief Technical Report

• Title page and Table of contents
• Summary
• a brief introduction stating the nature and
  purpose of the investigation
• a brief explanation of the procedures and
  apparatuses a summary of all the required
  results 
• Results and Discussion include major graphs or
  tables
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• Appendices only raw experimental data and a
  sample calculation
• Absence of abstract, introduction,
  theory/literature review, materials and methods
  sections

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A good report

• Careful measurements
• Correct calculations
• Understanding and use of the theory or models
• Logical discussions
• Correct conclusions
• Organized
• Clarity
• No grammar typographical errors
• References

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Fundamentals of labs
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Filtration

• A Standard Unit Operation
• physical separation of solid particles from
  liquid or gas.
• a porous medium fluid to pass through
• solid particles to be retained.

Filter cake
Filter medium
Slurry flow
Filtrate
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a filtration plant for Water Treatment
System (http//www.carrolltown.pa.us/CBMA/)
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Filtration Theory

• The driving force of filtration separation
• the pressure upstream of the filter

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Filtration

• Objectives
• - Determine the relationship between the
  upstream filter pressure and the flowrate
• - Evaluate the applicability of the selected
  model
• - Determine the model parameters
• - Demonstrate the effect of filter aid (perlite)
  on the filtration of CaCO3 slurry
• - Develop skills on design of a filtration
  process

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TheoryThe upstream filter pressure P
(Pa)(Bennett and Myers, 1982) P(K1VK2)Q if
the cake is incompressibleFor constant flowrate
filtration Q, VQt, then PK1Q2tK2Q Plot
Pt, get K1 and K2 where V the volume of
filtrate collected (m3) Q the flowrate of
filtrate (m3/s)t time(s)K1 and K2
constants, highly dependent on the
characteristics of cake and filter medium,
respectively
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• K1 and K2 values
• Dependent on the characteristics
• of cake, liquid and filter medium
• Determined by measuring
• the upstream filter pressure P
• as a function of time at specific Q
• Evaluate the resistances of the cake
• and filter medium
• for filter design
• theoretically predict the required driving force

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Fermentation Kinetics of Yeast Growth

• Involves in Yeast growth on substrate glucose
• Major end products
• Ethanol beer, wine, fuel
• yeast biomass high poundage product
  500million pounds/year

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Yeast needed for daily life
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Fermentation Kinetics of Yeast Growth

• Objectives
• - Demonstrate the yeast batch growth curve
• - Determine the parameters of Monod equation.
• - Calculate the yields of the products
• - Design a fermentor for ethanol production

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Fermentation theory(J.M. Lee, 1992)

• C6H12O6 ? 2C2H5OH 2CO2
• Substrate glucose
• Microorganism yeast
• Low oxygen concentration
• theoretical yielded ethanol 51.1 by weight

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Typical growth curve for microorganism cells
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Theory cont.
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Theory cont.
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Theory cont.
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Theory cont.
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Surge Tank Data Acquisition and Process Dynamics
(http//www.ih.navy.mil/cbf/images/SurgeTank)

• Common problem propagation of disturbances
  between processes
• Solution surge tank
• Damp out the changes of the inlet flowrate
• Deliver a steadier outlet flowrate to the
  downstream process

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Surge Tank Data Acquisition and Process Dynamics

• Objectives
• - Evaluate the applicability of selected models
  relating the outlet flowrate versus head
• - Derive and test mathematical models for the
  transient behavior of a liquid surge tank
• - Record the data with automatic acquisition
  system - LabVIEW

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Surge Tank

• Data acquisition and control a computer with
  LABVIEW Software package
• Automation, more precise.
• Collect data water flow rate and water head in
  the tank
• Familiar with the software

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Surge Tank
h the height of the liquid level in the surge
tank (head) (ft) qin the inlet water flowrate
(ft3/s) qout the outlet water flowrate
(ft3/s) A the cross sectional area (ft2).
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Surge Tank Theory

• Mass balance at transient period

t time (s), where the density of the liquid is
constant
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Theory cont.

• Flow exit a surge tank through a valve follows
• (D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965, p.60)
• qout h½
• e. g. qout C1h½ (qout is linearly proportional
  to h½ )
• qout CoC1h½
• or
• qout CoC1h½ C2 (h½)2 C3 (h½)3 Cn
  (h½)n
• (ngt 1, qout is non-linearly proportional to h½
  )
• Constant Ci is determined by fitting the above
  equations, respectively, to the experimental data
  (qout h1/2) at steady state, where qout qin.
  (Microsoft Excel)
• Compare the fitting results of different models

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Theory cont.
Substituting the qout in the mass balance
equation yields non-linear differential
equation

• Solutions
• Analytical
• closed-form, a general picture of the process
  behavior
• independently of the particular values of the
  input variables
• process design and control limited to linear
  processes
• Numerical
• dependent on the values of the input variables.

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Analytical Solution

• Linearize the non-linear differential equation by
  Taylor series expansion of the non linear term
  around a point
• (e.q. steady state) (Stephanopoulos, G., 1985,
  p.116-121)

• Convert the differential equation to algebraic
  equation by Laplace transforming
• (D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965,
  p.13-41, 67-70)

• Invert the transform to get h as a function of
  time
• (D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965,
  p.13-41)
• Use this equation to describe the experimental
  data at unsteady state

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Analytical Solution

• For example, qout C1h½ ,
• Linearize the non-linear differential equation
• (Stephanopoulos, G., 1985, p.116-121)

Take the first order of Taylor series expansion
of the term qout around a point (e.q. steady
state)
Linear form
Subscript s represents the steady state.
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Analytical Solution
Substitute the first order Taylor series
expansion of qout in the differential equation,
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Analytical Solution
Convert the differential equation to algebraic
equation by Laplace transforming (D. R.
Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965, p.13-41, 67-70)
is Laplace transform of derivation variable h-hs
is Laplace transform of derivation variable
qin-qin,s
s represents the Laplace function.
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Analytical Solution
When the inlet flowrate is increased or decreased
around certain steady state
tlt0
t0
Take the transform of Qin
tlt0
t0
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Input the time conditions,
tlt0

t0
Invert the transform, (D. R. Coughanowr and L. B.
Koppel, 1965, p.13-41)
t 0
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Numerical Solution
Where qout CoC1h½ C2 (h½)2 C3 (h½)3 Cn
(h½)n n 1, n

• Eularian theory (Rice, RG, 1995)

Compare the analytical model solution with the
numerical solution. Use two equations of qout
h1/2 at n1 ngt1 for all cases in this lab.
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(No Transcript)
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Packed Column

• Gas-liquid counter-current flow in packed column
• Liquid downwards flow
• Gas upwards flow
• Flooding conditions

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Design Criteria

• pressure drop caused by the resistance of
  packing to fluid flow.
• The flood velocity an important parameter for
  gas-liquid packed column design

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Packed Column Pressure Drop and Flooding

• Objectives
• - Determine the relationship of pressure drop
  and the flowrate in a packed column
• - Evaluate the applicability of Ergun equation
  for a single gas flow system
• - To determine the pressure drop
• and flooding condition in a gas-liquid system

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Packed Column
Pressure drop for a single flow through packed
bed-Ergun equation
(Treybal, R.E., 1980, P.200.)
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Packed Column Theory
Flooding conditions for a gas-liquid flow
through packed bed (B. Miline, 1994)
Y a function of gas flowrate a, b, e constants
for a specific system. Symbol definition! Units!
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Packed Column

• Models are empirical equations.
• Different models fit differential systems.
• Evaluate the applicability of the selected model
  for the experiment system

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Centrifugal Pump

• The most common type of fluid mover in the
  chemical industry
• To convert energy of a prime mover (an electric
  motor or turbine) first into velocity or kinetic
  energy and then into pressure energy of a fluid
  that is being pumped.

http//www.pumpworld.com/centrif1.htm
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Centrifugal Pump

• To determine the characteristics of a centrifugal
  pump including total head, brake horse power,
  efficiency and net positive suction power (NPSH)
  versus flowrate.
• - To determine the size of a geometrically
  similar pump needed to pump against a total head
  of 100 feet of water at peak efficiency

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Reference Books
C.O. Bennett J.E. Myers, "Momentum, Heat, and
Mass Transfer", 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill,
1982. D.R. Coughanowr L.B. Koppel, "Process
Systems Analysis and Control", McGraw-Hill,
1965. G. Stephanopoulos, Chemical Process
Control Introduction to Theory Practice,
Prentice Hall, 1984. J.M. Lee, "Biochemical
Engineering", Prentice Hall, 1992, pp
100-152. R.E. Treybal, "Mass-Transfer
Operations", McGraw-Hill, 1980. R.S. Blicq.
"Technically-Write!", Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition,
1981. R.G. Rice, Applied Mathematics and
modeling for chemical engineers, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc. 1995, pp231.
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Other References

• James R. Welty, Charles E. Wicks, Robert E.
  Wilson, and Gregory Rorrer, Fundamentals of
  Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer. 4th Edition,
  John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2001
• Jaime Benitez, Principles and Modern Applications
  of Mass Transfer Operations. John Wiley and Sons,
  Inc. 2002
• Donald R. Coughanowr, Process Systems Analysis
  and Control. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1991
• Hans, F. Ebel, Claus Bliefert, and William E.
  Russey, The Art of Scientific Writing. 2nd
  Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2004
• Christie J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and
  Separation Process Principles. 4th Edition,
  Prentise-Hall, Inc. 2003
• Milne, W.E., Numerical Solution of Differential
  Equations, Wiley, NY, 1953.
• Quinney, D., Introduction to the numerical
  solution of differential equations, research
  Studies Press, NY, 1987.
• Have your own references to make your report
  strong!

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Important dates

• 19 Sep Last day to change first term
  registration.
• 9 Oct Thanksgiving (University Closed),
• 4 Dec Last day of classes.
• 18 Dec Last day to hand in laboratory reports
  and laboratory notebooks for marking

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Summary

• Academic theory understanding
• Lab performance
• WRITEUPS
• Successful!