ChE 414 Chemical Engineering Laboratory II

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ChE 414Chemical Engineering Laboratory II
Instructor Dr. H. Niu

• September, 2005

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• Website http//www.engr.usask.ca/classes/CHE/414/
  index.html
• Text ChE 414.2 Laboratory Manual
• (available online at course website)
• Office hours Wed Thurs 130 230pm
• Rm 1C129 Eng. Bld.

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What Labs ?

• Surge Tank Data Acquisition and Process Dynamics
• Fermentation Kinetics of Yeast Growth
• Packed Column Pressure Drop and Flooding
• Filtration

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What Courses related?

• Surge Tank CHE 413, 423
• (process dynamics and control)
• CHE 210, 320 (fluid mechanics)
• .
• Fermentation CHE 461 (biochemical engineering)
• Packed column CHE 315, 421 (mass transfer)
• Filtration CHE 315, 421 (mass transfer)
• CHE 210, 320 (fluid mechanics)

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Develop skills in -Equipment operation -
Data recording - Analysis of the data using
academic theory - Technical report writing in
the selected typical Chem. Eng. processes
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Marking

• Lab performance (4X2.5)
• Lab notebook 10
• Technical letters (2X10)
• Brief report 25
• Formal report 35
• Overall mark 100

No exam
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• Plagiarism is DEFINITELY NOT acceptable!
• Copy other peoples report
• Citing without referencing the source
• Plagiarism results in 0 mark for the report
• Be aware of Follow the new University of
  Saskatchewan Academic Honesty/Dishonesty
  definitions, rules and procedures
  www.usask.ca/honesty.

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Due Date and Overdue Penalty

• Due date
• 2 weeks after the experiment date.
• 10 free late hand-in days for the whole course
  
• Indicate on your report when use it.
• Penalty
• 10 per week (2/day) deducted from the late
  reports
• submissions will NOT be accepted after
• Dec. 19th, 2005.

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Requirements

• Lab performance
• Write-ups technical writing
• Fundamentals of each lab

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Lab performance

• Be prepared for
• Objectives
• Theory / knowledge
• Design of experiment
• Parameters to be measured
• Apparatuses, procedures and principles
• Find out what to learn
• Initiate the contact for the pre-lab help
• with the demonstrators the lab coordinator

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Lab performance
During the experiments

• Follow the experimental procedures
• Record observations in Lab Notebook
• Test the validity of data and/or results
• Pay attention to SAFETY issues
• personnel
• equipment

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Write-ups / Reports

• Technical memo
• Brief report
• Formal report
• Lab notebook during the experiments

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Write-ups / Reports

• Evaluate
• - understanding from the experimental labs.
• - technical writing skills
• Technical content academic theory, results.
• Writing organized, neat
• Language no grammar or typographic error
• Communication clearly delivery

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Write-ups / Reports

• One student is required to hand in
• 2 technical letters
• 1 brief report
• 1 formal report
• 1 lab notebook

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Write-ups / Reports

• No repetition in each group for
• formal report
• brief report
• technical letters (flexible in three personnel
  group)

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Write-ups / Reports
In one group, you may label the 4 labs by A, B,
C, and D in your own order. Each member of the
group should keep the same order.
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Lab Notebook

• No sheets of paper
• Permanently bounded recorded
• Briefly outline the title, apparatus,
  experimental conditions and procedures before
  labs
• Suggest making table for recording data
• Record clearly all original observations
• simple calculations of data
• MUST be examined, dated and initialed by the
  laboratory demonstrators before leaving the lab

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Lab Notebook

• Refer to ChE 333 class website for
• RULES FOR LABORTORY NOTEBOOKS
• Submit the lab notebook
• at the end of the term for marking

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Technical Memorandum

• One page 
• Concise statement of experimental conditions,
  results, discussions, conclusions and
  recommendations
• A brief table of results or a graph attached to
  support the conclusions. 
• Sign your memo on the last page below the text
• Recommend to use the memo format for last year

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To Dr. H. (Catherine) Niu, Instructor of CHE
414 From (your name, group X) Re (Lab
name) Date (of the preparation of the memo)
Your group logo (optional)
The text of memo is put here below the line.
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ChE 414 - TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM GRADE
SHEET Student ___________________________________
___ Experiment __________________________________
____ Due Date ___/___/___ Date Recd
___/___/___ Late Penalty ___
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Formal Technical Report

• Title page
• Abstract
• Table of contents, table of figures, table of
  tables
• Introduction
• Review of theory or literature
• Experimental Section apparatus and procedure
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• Nomenclature
• Reference
• Appendices

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Formal Technical Report

• Title page
• Course number
• Name (Your name and state the partners name)
• Lab title
• Prepared for (instructors name)
• Date lab done
• Date report due

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Formal Technical Report

• Abstract
• State briefly the purpose of the investigation
• Describe briefly how the results are obtained
• Give all important results in a concise and
  quantitative format.
• Use words, no tables, figures and equations.
• Summarize the most important conclusions.
• Normally no more than 250 words

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Formal Technical Report

• Introduction
• Include information on the subject of the
  investigation and its importance in industry
• Cite the references
• Describe clearly the objectives of the lab.

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Formal Technical Report

• Literature review or theory
• Provide sufficient theoretical background
• to the particular experiments
• Develop the equations or models to correlate your
  experimental data.
• detailed derivation placed in Appendix
• Describe how to obtain the model parameters and
  predict the particular system
• Cite the references

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Formal Technical Report

• Apparatus and Experimental Procedures
• Specify the main apparatuses used
• make, model and use
• Describe the procedures
• Highlight important experimental conditions
• Give the names of quality of the materials.
• Make sure other people can repeat your work and
  obtain the same results if they follow your
  description.

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Formal Technical Report

• Results and Discussions
• Present the significant experiment results
• in words, figures and tables.
• State the data treatment processes and the
  outcomes.
• Discuss the results of experiments and model
  simulations or predictions.
• Compare your results with that in literatures if
  available.
• Logically discuss and lead to conclusions.

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Attention

• Consistent format
• The unit for every parameters in the equations
  has to be conformed.
• Figures or Tables in the body of text
• Titles of figures, axes, and tables
• Briefly state the experimental conditions
• Experimental data represented by unique symbol
  for each group of data in figures
• Modeling curves different lines with legends

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error bar 95 confidence interval
Modeling the effect of IS on Cr uptakes401 mg
AWUS, 200.2 mL solution
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Formal Technical Report

• Conclusions and Recommendations
• Conclusions should be summarized following the
  discussions.
• Lists your suggestions on how we can improve the
  labs.

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Formal Technical Report

• Nomenclature
• Completely lists the symbols that appear in your
  report, their definition and unit in a
  professional and consistent format.
• Refer to a published paper.

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Formal Technical Report

• Reference
• Completely lists every reference cited, mentioned
  or used in the text of the report in a
  professional and consistent format.
• Follows either the number order or the
  alphabetical order.

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Formal Technical Report

• Reference format examples
• In the text
• Adams concluded that 1. However, that
  conclusion may be suspicious because 2
• In the Reference section
• References
• 1. Adams, A. B. title of publication.
• 2. Cook, H. M., Author 2,
• Ref Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
  Research
• or in the text
• Adams (2001) concluded that . However, that
  conclusion may be suspicious because
• References
• Adams, A. B. title of publication.
• Ref Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering

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Formal Technical Report

• Appendices
• Raw data (neat with tables)
• Calculated data
• Sample calculation (using a set of data to show
  the steps of calculations)
• Tables and Figures

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Brief Technical Report

• Title page
• Summary
• a brief introduction stating the nature and
  purpose of the investigation
• a brief explanation of the procedures and
  apparatuses a summary of the important results 
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• Appendices only raw experimental data and a
  sample calculation
• Absence of abstract, introduction,
  theory/literature review, materials and methods
  sections

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A good report

• Careful measurements
• Correct calculations
• Understanding and use of the theory or models
• Logical discussions
• Correct conclusions
• Organized
• Clarity
• No grammar typographical errors

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Fundamentals of labs
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Filtration

• A Standard Unit Operation
• physical separation of solid particles from
  liquid or gas.
• a porous medium fluid to pass through
• solid particles to be retained.

Filter cake
Filter medium
Slurry flow
Filtrate
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Filtration

• Objectives
• - Determine the relationship between the
  upstream filter pressure and the flowrate
• - Evaluate the applicability of the selected
  model
• - Determine the model parameters
• - Demonstrate the effect of filter aid (perlite)
  on the filtration of CaCO3 slurry
• - Develop skills on design of a filtration
  process

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Filtration Theory

• The driving force of filtration separation
• the upstream filter pressure
• across the porous medium and the cake.

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TheoryThe upstream filter pressure P
(Pa)(Bennett and Myers, 1982) P(K1VK2)Q if
the cake is incompressibleFor constant flowrate
filtration Q, VQt, then PK1Q2tK2Qwhere V
the volume of filtrate collected (m3) Q the
flowrate of filtrate (m3/s)t time(s)K1 and
K2 constants, highly dependent on the
characteristics of cake and filter medium,
respectively
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• K1 and K2 values
• Dependent on the characteristics
• of cake, liquid and filter medium
• Determined by measuring
• the upstream filter pressure P
• as a function of time at specific Q
• Evaluate the resistances of the cake
• and filter medium
• for filter design
• theoretically predict the required driving force

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Fermentation Kinetics of Yeast Growth

• Involves in Yeast growth on substrate glucose
• Major end products
• Ethanol beer, wine, fuel
• yeast biomass high poundage product
  500million pounds/year

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Fermentation Kinetics of Yeast Growth

• Objectives
• - Demonstrate the yeast growth curve
• - Determine the parameters of Monod equation.
• - Calculate the yields of the products
• - Design a fermentor for ethanol production

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Fermentation theory(J.M. Lee, 1992)

• C6H12O6 ? 2C2H5OH 2CO2
• Substrate glucose
• Microorganism yeast
• Low oxygen concentration
• theoretical yielded ethanol 51.1 by weight

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Theory cont.
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Theory cont.
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Surge Tank Data Acquisition and Process Dynamics

• Objectives
• - Evaluate the applicability of selected models
  relating the outlet flowrate versus head
• - Derive and test mathematical models for the
  transient behavior of a liquid surge tank
• - Record the data with automatic acquisition
  system - LabVIEW

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Surge Tank

• Data acquisition and control a computer with
  LABVIEW Software package
• Automation, more precise.
• Collect data water flow rate and water head in
  the tank
• Familiar with the software

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Surge Tank
h the height of the liquid level in the surge
tank (head) (ft) qin the inlet water flowrate
(ft3/s) qout the outlet water flowrate
(ft3/s) A the cross sectional area (ft2).
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Surge Tank Theory

• Mass balance at transient period

t time (s), where the density of the liquid is
constant
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Theory cont.

• Flow exit a surge tank through a valve follows
• (D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965, p.60)
• qout h½
• e. g. qout C1h½ ,
• qout CoC1h½
• or
• qout CoC1h½ C2 (h½)2 C3 (h½)3 Cn
  (h½)n
• Constant Ci is determined by fitting the above
  equations, respectively, to the experimental data
  (qout h) at steady state, where qout qin.
  (Microsoft Excel)
• Compare the fitting results of different models

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Theory cont.
Substituting the qout in the mass balance
equation yields non-linear differential
equation

• Solutions
• Analytical
• closed-form, a general picture of the process
  behavior
• independently of the particular values of the
  input variables
• process design and control limited to linear
  processes
• Numerical
• dependent on the values of the input variables.

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Analytical Solution

• Linearize the non-linear differential equation by
  Taylor series expansion of the non linear term
  around a point
• (e.q. steady state) (Stephanopoulos, G., 1985,
  p.116-121)

• Convert the differential equation to algebraic
  equation by Laplace transforming
• (D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965,
  p.13-41, 67-70)

• Invert the transform to get h as a function of
  time
• (D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965,
  p.13-41)
• Use this equation to describe the experimental
  data at unsteady state

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Analytical Solution

• For example, qout C1h½ ,
• Linearize the non-linear differential equation
• (Stephanopoulos, G., 1985, p.116-121)
• Take the first order of Taylor series expansion
  of the term qout around a point (e.q. steady
  state)

Linear form
Subscript s represents the steady state.
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Analytical Solution
Substitute the first order Taylor series
expansion of qout in the differential equation,
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Analytical Solution
Convert the differential equation to algebraic
equation by Laplace transforming (D. R.
Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965, p.13-41, 67-70)
is Laplace transform of derivation variable h-hs
is Laplace transform of derivation variable
qin-qin,s
s represents the Laplace function.
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Analytical Solution
When the inlet flowrate is increased or decreased
around certain steady state
tlt0
t0
Take the transform of Qin
tlt0
t0
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Input the time conditions,
tlt0

t0
Invert the transform, (D. R. Coughanowr and L. B.
Koppel, 1965, p.13-41)
t 0
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Numerical Solution

• Eularian theory (Milne, W.E., 1953 Quinney, D.,
  1987)

Compare the linearized model solution with the
numerical solution
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Packed Column

• Gas-liquid counter-current flow in packed column
• Liquid downwards flow
• Gas upwards flow
• Flooding conditions

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Design Criteria

• pressure drop caused by the resistance of
  packing to fluid flow.
• The flood velocity an important parameter for
  gas-liquid packed column design

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Packed Column Pressure Drop and Flooding

• Objectives
• - Determine the relationship of pressure drop
  and the flowrate in a packed column
• - Evaluate the applicability of Ergun equation
  for a single gas flow system
• - To determine the pressure drop
• and flooding condition in a gas-liquid system

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Packed Column
Pressure drop for a single flow through packed
bed-Ergun equation
(Treybal, R.E., 1980, P.200.)
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Packed Column Theory
Flooding conditions for a gas-liquid flow
through packed bed (B. Miline, 1994)
Y a function of gas flowrate a, b, e constants
for a specific system.
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Packed Column

• Pressure drop for a single flow through packed
  bed Billet-Schultes Model

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Packed Column
Ref J.D. Seader and Ernest J. Henley, Separation
Process Principles. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
1998 pp325-334.
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Packed Column

• Models are empirical equations.
• Different models fit differential systems.
• Evaluate the applicability of the selected model
  for the experiment system

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Reference Books

• C.O. Bennett J.E. Myers, "Momentum, Heat, and
  Mass Transfer", 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1982.
• D.R. Coughanowr L.B. Koppel, "Process Systems
  Analysis and Control", McGraw-Hill, 1965.
• G. Stephanopoulos, Chemical Process Control
  Introduction to Theory Practice, Prentice Hall,
  1984.
• J.M. Lee, "Biochemical Engineering", Prentice
  Hall, 1992, pp 100-152.
• R.E. Treybal, "Mass-Transfer Operations",
  McGraw-Hill, 1980.
• R.S. Blicq. "Technically-Write!", Prentice Hall,
  2nd Edition, 1981.

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Other References

• James R. Welty, Charles E. Wicks, Robert E.
  Wilson, and Gregory Rorrer, Fundamentals of
  Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer. 4th Edition,
  John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2001
• Jaime Benitez, Principles and Modern Applications
  of Mass Transfer Operations. John Wiley and Sons,
  Inc. 2002
• Donald R. Coughanowr, Process Systems Analysis
  and Control. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1991
• Hans, F. Ebel, Claus Bliefert, and William E.
  Russey, The Art of Scientific Writing. 2nd
  Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2004
• Christie J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and
  Separation Process Principles. 4th Edition,
  Prentise-Hall, Inc. 2003
• Milne, W.E., Numerical Solution of Differential
  Equations, Wiley, NY, 1953.
• Quinney, D., Introduction to the numerical
  solution of differential equations, research
  Studies Press, NY, 1987.
• Have your own references to make your report
  strong!

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Summary

• Academic theory understanding
• Lab performance
• WRITEUPS
• Successful!

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Important dates

• 20 Sep Last day to change first term
  registration.
• 10 Oct Thanksgiving (University Closed),
• 5 Dec Last day of classes.
• 19 Dec Last day to hand in laboratory reports
  and laboratory notebooks for marking