Poultry Housing Petaluma, CA

1
Poultry Housing Petaluma, CA
2
Livestock Housing Models

• Tom Rumsey
• Prof. Bio Ag. Engr.
• UC Davis

3
Whole Farm Emissions Models The Appropriate
Level of Complexity

• Pinder, et al. 2004. A process-based model of
  ammonia emissions from dairy cows improved
  temporal and spatial resolution. Atmospheric
  Environment 38(9)1357-1365.
• Hutchings, et al. 1996. A model of ammonia
  volatilization from a grazing livestock farm.
  Atmospheric Environment 30(4)589-599.
• Cooper, K., et al. 1998. A thermal balance
  model for livestock buildings for use in climate
  change studies. Jour. Agric. Engr. Res.
  6943-52.

4
Livestock Housing Emissions Models

• Monteny, G.J., et al. 1998. A conceptual
  mechanistic model for the ammonia emissions from
  free stall cubicle dairy cow houses.
  Transactions of the ASAE. 41(1)193-201.
• Vranken, E., et al. 2003. Reduction of ammonia
  emission from livestock buildings by the
  optimization of ventilation control settings.
  Proceedings of the Conference in Air Pollution
  from Agricultural Operations III.

5
Similar Models in Literature for Indoor Spills

• Keil, C.B and M. Nicas. 2003. Predicting room
  vapor concentrations due to spills of organic
  solvents. AIHA Journal. 64445-454.
• Janssens, K., et al. 2004. Modeling the
  internal dynamics of energy and mass transfer in
  an imperfectly mixed ventilated airspace. Indoor
  Air 14 146153.

6
Comments on models - I

• Hutching (1996) and Pinder (2004)
• Hutchings model produces daily emissions values.
  We need to produce hourly outputs.
• Pinder model gives continuous output and is very
  close to Hutchings model in form.
• Pinder does not include wind as input important
  for housing with natural ventilation (e.g.. most
  dairy).

7
Comments on models - II

• Monteny (1998)
• More realistic than Pinder and Hutchings.
• Computes emissions from each urination for each
  animal in the barn.
• Uses experimental data for inside air temperature
  and ventilation rate.
• Not practical to implement for this project.

8
Comments on models - III

• Vranken (2003)
• More complete than other models.
• Predicts concentrations, temperatures and
  ventilation rates.
• Lacks documentation most references in European
  conf. proceedings.
• Does not appear to include natural ventilation.

9
Considerations for Housing Model

• Simulate variety of physical systems
• Ventilation mechanical or natural
• In-house or outside manure storage
• Animal population can vary with time
• Numerical solutions
• Equation solvers available and fast
• Model parameters
• Available from texts or literature

10
Housing Model

• Mechanical and Natural Ventilation
• Separate models for temperature and ventilation
  rate.
• Similar model equations for ammonia emissions.

11
Mechanical Ventilation
12
Mechanically Ventilated Poultry House
13
Ammonia Emissions from a Commercial Broiler House
Worley, J.W. 2002. ASAE Paper 024118
14
Mechanical Ventilation Model

• Assumes air is well mixed within barn.
• Calculates ventilation rate as function of time.
• Calculates indoor air temperature as function of
  time.
• Utilizes control scheme similar to those used by
  the industry.

15
(No Transcript)
16
Mechanical Ventilation ModelPanagakis, P. 2004.
Trans. ASAE. 47(2)585-590.

• Temperature equation

Tin inside air temperature (C)
lumped effective building capacitance (J/C)
animal sensible heat production (W)
heat flow through the walls, the door and the
roof (W)
heat losses due to ventilation (W)
17
Mechanical Ventilation ModelSchauberger, et al.
2000. Steady-state balance model to calculate
the indoor climate of livestock buildings,
demonstrated for finishing pigs. Int. Jour.
Biometeorol. 43154-162. .

• Ventilation Rate

18
Mechanical Ventilation - sensible heat production
Pedersen, S. and Sallvik, K. 2002. Heat and
moisture production at animal and house levels.
CIGR
animal sensible heat production (W)
19
Mechanical Ventilation - sensible heat production
Pedersen, S. and Sallvik, K. 2002. Heat and
moisture production at animal and house levels.
CIGR
animal sensible heat production (W)
20
Mechanical Ventilation - sensible heat production
Pedersen, S. and Sallvik, K. 2002. Heat and
moisture production at animal and house levels.
CIGR
21
Mechanical Ventilation building heat losses
Panagakis, P. 2004. Trans. ASAE. 47(2)585-590.
overall heat transfer coefficient each surface
(W/m2 C)
surface area (m2)
sol-air temperature (C)
22
Mechanical Ventilation ventilation heat losses
Panagakis, P. 2004. Trans. ASAE. 47(2)585-590.
qv air ventilation rate (m3/s) cp specific
heat of air (J/kg C) r density of air
(kg/m3) Tout ambient air temperature (C) Tin
indoor air temperature (C)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
The same building was modeled using six
constant speed fans
26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
Naturally Ventilated Freestall Dairy Barn
29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
(No Transcript)
32
Natural Ventilation Model - Sources

• Foster, M.P. and M.J. Down. 1987. Ventilation
  of livestock buildings by natural convection.
  Jour. Agric. Engr. Res. 371-13.
• Cooper, K., et al. 1998. A thermal balance
  model for livestock buildings for use in climate
  change studies. Jour. Agric. Engr. Res.
  6943-52.

33
Natural Ventilation Model - Sources

• Wagner-Storch A.M. and R.W. Palmer. 2002. Day
  and night seasonal temperature differences for a
  naturally ventilated freestall barn with
  different stocking densities. J. Dairy Sci.
  853534-3538.

34
Natural Ventilation Model

• Coupled steady state mass and energy balances to
  determine ventilation rate and indoor air
  temperature.
• Uses hourly ambient air temperature and wind
  speed/direction as inputs.
• Needs most of same building parameters as
  Mechanical ventilation (U values, animal sensible
  heat, etc.).

35
Natural Ventilation Model

• Coupled non-linear algebraic equations.
• Solution by iteration can be difficult to solve
  (some models take a long time to converge to a
  solution).
• Have spent several months evaluating
  simple/complex models from Bio. Ag and Building
  simulation literature.
• Finally have a semi-realistic model that appears
  to work.

36
Ammonia Concentration Model

• A combination of Pinder (2004) and Monteny (1998)
  models.
• Combined with mechanical or natural ventilation
  models to simulate housing problem.
• Set of four ordinary differential equations.

37
Key Assumptions air is well mixed within barn
and chemical constituents are well mixed in
single urine puddle on floor
38
(No Transcript)
39
Ammonia Concentration Model

• The unknowns in the problem are
• Vu volume of urine in house (m3)
• CNH3-N gas, air conc. of ammonia nitrogen in
  bulk air above the urine (kg m-3)
• CTAN concentration of total ammoniacal nitrogen
  in the urine (kg m-3)
• Cu concentration of urea in urine in the house
  (kg urea m-3)

40
(No Transcript)
41
Kroodsma, W., et al. 1993. Ammonia emission and
its Reduction from cubicle houses by flushing.
Livestock Production Sci, 35293-302.
42
Simulation of case when cows leave the barn from
8am to 4pm. No in-door storage pit in model
43
Housing Model To Do List

• Implement rate equation for poultry manure
• Groot Koerkamp, P.W.G. 1999. Litter Composition
  and Ammonia Emission in Aviary Houses for Laying
  Hens Part II, Modelling the Evaporation of
  Water. J. Agric. Engng. Res. 73, 353-362

44
Housing Model To Do List

• Implement in-house manure pit model
• Monteny, G.J., et al. 1998. A conceptual
  mechanistic model for the ammonia emissions from
  free stall cubicle dairy cow houses.
  Transactions of the ASAE. 41(1)193-201.

45
Housing Model Time for a Break