Socialization

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Socialization
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Socialization

• Socialization as a process
• Agents of socialization
• Education system
• Communication Media
• Peer groups
• Religion
• Criminal Justice System
• Therapeutic Community

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Socialization cont

• Definition of socialization
• Socialization as a never-ending process
• Socialization in parenthood
• Socialization within childhood

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Nurturant Socialization

• A basic function of the family
• Children must learn to control impulses
• Children need to learn social rules and norms
• Need to learn social values
• Need to learn how to play social roles
• Internalization of all of these is important

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Social Norms

• Definition of social norms
• Social folkways and social mores
• Violations of social folkways
• Violation of social mores
• Definition of values

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Internalization of

• Amounted to the learning of culture
• Effective socializationmaintaining of culture
• Two preconditions for socialization
• 1. Biological
• 2. Cultural

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Socialization

• Socialization as lifelong
• Intense transitions involved in socialization
• 1. Back to school
• 2. Occupational change
• 3. Residential change
• 4. Government
• 5. Fashion

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Norms, values, expectations

• Development of sense of self
• Learning acquisition of identity
• Primary socialization in family most important
• Gender relations

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Anticipatory Socialization

• Learning about future roles and relationships
• Involves observation, learning, and changing
• E.g. prenatal courses

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Primary Socialization

• Conferring of a social identity
• E.g. names, social status, hometown and religious
  affiliation
• Gender role socialization (GRS)
• Gender differences

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Gender Role Socialization

• GRS in physical punishment
• Unconscious and conscious GRS stems from
  stereotypes
• Stereotypes either as positive or negative
• Wild exaggerations?

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

• Our belief in something can bring something about
• Gender role socialization in SFP
• GRS as extremely effective because
• Gender stereotypes as pervasive
• Motivation

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Sources of GRS

• 1. Rites of Passage
• 2. Parents
• 3. Education System
• 4. Media
• GRS neutralized by three ways

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Sources cont

• 5. Religion
• 6. Literature
• The masculine stereotypes in politics, media and
  social discourse
• Why is this still occurring?
• Feminism and its definitions

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Theories of Socialization

• Social Learning Theory
• Socialization learned by behaviours which are
  rewarded
• E.g. parent spanking their child, grounding a
  teenager, praising a child
• Pleasant outcomessocially desirable

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Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

• Classical conditioning- Pavlovs dogs
• Punishment and reward classical conditioning
• E.g. abusive parents
• Operant focusing on the response

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SLT cont

• Learning theory with gender socialization
• Classical and operant conditioning exist in
  gender role socialization
• Examples of this

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Three generalizations

• 1. Social learning theory is more important in
  childhood
• 2. Positive reinforcement is more effective
• 3. Learning only solves part of the puzzle

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Socialization as it passes through stages- S.
  Freud
• Id, Ego, Superego
• The Id as psychological energy
• The ego intellectual and cognitive processes

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Psychoanalytic theory cont

• Ego ruling most social settings
• The superego our conscience
• Development of a strong ego through socialization
• Normal socialization brings about five stages

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Freud Cont

• The oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage,
  latency stage, and genital stage.
• Socialization developing at the second stage
• Parents as mediators in all the stages

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Stages of Development cont

• The phallic stage
• Conflict with the same-sex parent
• Emotional ambivalence
• The Electra complex and the Oedipus Complex.
• Resolution in the phallic stage

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Nancy Chodorow

• Combined psychoanalytic theory and feminist
  ideology
• Boys and girls identification with the same sex
  parent
• Development of stereotypical feminine behaviours

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Gender role socialization

• Early identification produces fears and anxieties
• The latency stage
• The genital stage- consolidation of ego and
  superego
• The status of psychoanalytic theory in family