Personality

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Chapter 14

• Personality

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Personality

• Each persons unique and relatively enduring
  stable behavior patterns
• Personality traits stable qualities that a
  person shows in most situations
• Leads to predictable behavior
• Inferred from behavior
• Stable at age 30

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Theories

• Trait theories what traits make up personality
  and how they relate to behavior
• Psychodynamic theories focus on inner working
  of personality, especially internal conflicts and
  struggles
• Behavioristic theories importance of external
  environment and effect of conditioning and
  learning
• Social Learning attribute differences to
  socialization, expectation, and mental processes
• Humanistic stress private, subjective
  experience and personal growth

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Traits Approach

• Analyze, classify, inter-relate traits
• Allport individual traits (define unique
  qualities)
• Cattell trait profile (16 PF)
• Trait-situation interactions when external
  circumstances influence the expression of
  personality traits
• Heredity accounts for 25 to 50 of variability in
  many personality traits

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Psychodynamic Theory

• Sigmund Freud
• 3 parts of personality
• Id innate, biological instincts self-serving,
  irrational, operates on pleasure principle,
  unconscious
• Ego conscious control of personality operates
  on reality principle
• Superego internalized parent conscience

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Psychosexual Development

• Oral feeding
• Anal toilet training
• Phallic attracted to opposite sex parent
  Oedipus conflict in males
• Latency dormant period
• Genital puberty
• First years of life shape personality
• Not verified scientifically
• Freud believed sexual abuse was a fantasy

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Behavioral Theory of Personality

• Personality is a collection of learned behavior
  patterns
• Acquired through classical and operant
  conditioning, observational learning,
  reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and
  stimulus discrimination
• Reject notion of personality traits
• Situational determinants interact with prior
  learning history

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Social Learning Theory

• How person interprets a situation
• Expectancy anticipation that responding will
  lead to reinforcement
• Attach different values to different reinforcers

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Humanistic Theory

• Rogers, Maslow
• Focus on human experiences, problems, potentials
• Human nature is inherently good
• Person you are is product of choices you have
  made
• Stressed private perceptions rather than prior
  learning

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Maslow

• Self-actualization process of fully developing
  personal potential
• Judge situations correctly
• Comfortable acceptance of self, others
• Resourceful, independent
• Continued freshness for appreciation
• Steps to self-actualization be willing to
  change, take responsibility, self-discovery, see
  yourself as others do

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Carl Rogers

• Self theory
• Fully functioning person lives in harmony with
  deepest feelings and impulses
• Trust intuition
• Most likely to occur with love and acceptance
  from others
• Behavior understood as attempt to maintain
  consistency between self-image and action
• Unconditional positive regard love and approval
  without qualification

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Personality Theories

• Trait theories useful in describing and
  comparing personalities
• Psychoanalytic exaggerates sexuality and
  biological instincts, doesnt predict behavior
• Behavioristic and social learning can study
  scientifically, understate importance of
  temperament, emotion
• Humanistic positive dimensions of personality

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Personality Assessment

• Interview
• Direct observation
• Rating scales
• Behavioral assessment
• Personality questionnaires (MMPI)
• Projective Tests Rorschach, TAT

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