46-320-01 Tests and Measurements

1
46-320-01Tests and Measurements

• Intersession 2006

2
Cognitive Behavioral Assessment

• Based on principles of behavior modification
  (learning and cognition)
• Cause vs. symptom
• Symptom precede, coexist, maintain
• Environmental factors or thought processes
• Observable phenomenon
• Goal changing symptom

3
Operant Conditioning-Based

• Behaviors are observed
• Alter probability of recurrence of response
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Critical response
• Frequency, intensity, duration baseline
• Implement
• Evaluate intervention against baseline

4
Self-Report Techniques

• List of statements about situations (primary
  determinants of behavior)
• Fear Survey Schedule (FSS)
• 50 to 122 items
• 5- or 7-point scale
• Identify situations that elicit fear and
  avoidance
• Assertiveness Behavior Survey Schedule (ABSS)
• Situations and consequences

5
Self-Report

• Cautela and Upper
• Self-report battery
• Primary Scales
• Secondary Scales
• Tertiary Scales
• Evaluating self-report
• Face validity
• Adequate psychometric analysis

6
Kanfer and Saslow

• Functional Approach
• Behavioral excesses and deficits
• Normal and disordered behaviors develop similarly
• Clarify problem
• Suggest treatment alternatives

7
More Scales

• Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS)
• 2 forms list of statements, 7-point Likert scale
• Good validity
• Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT)
• Beliefs and expectations vs. reality
• 100 items, agreement on 5-point scale
• ½ items negatively worded

8
Cognitive Functional Analysis

• Meichenbaum self-statements critical in behavior
• Self-appraisals and expectancies
• Environmental antecedents, environmental
  consequences, internal dialogue
• Self-monitoring devices

9
Psychophysiological Procedures

• Quantify physiological responses
• Heart rate, BP, GSR, skin temp
• Fear, anger (Ax)
• Polygraph
• Sexual arousal
• Evaluation
• Artifacts
• Direct measurement/Prestimulus strength
• Demographics

10
Psychophysiological Procedures

• EEG Biofeedback
• Alter brain waves
• Alpha waves
• Video-game format

11
Clinical Neuropsychology

• What is it?
• Brain dysfunction, affects of mental/physical
  illness
• Memory
• Weschler Memory Scale-III
• Auditory Immediate, Visual Immediate, Immediate
  Memory, Auditory Delayed, Visual Delayed,
  Auditory Recognition Delayed, General Memory, and
  Working Memory

12
Clinical Neuropsychology

• Localized problems vs. interconnections
• Left vs. Right hemisphere problems
• Specific problems
• E.g., Wernickes Aphasia
• Spatial problems
• E.g., dressing apraxia
• Information-processing deficits
• Recall vs. recognition

13
Developmental Neuropsychology

• Brain injury, lesions, trauma
• Development and birth complications
• Executive functions
• Volition, self-control and self-monitoring
• Mirsky Focus Execute, Sustain, Encode, Shift
• Learning disabilities
• Dyslexia

14
Trail Making Test
15
Developmental Neuropsychology

• Development of Rehabilitation Plans
• 1. Testing to determine problem
• 2. Assessment of environment
• 3. Treatment plan
• 4. Ideal treatment plan
• 5. Availability of resources
• 6. Realistic remedial plan
• 7. Progress evaluation

16
Halstead-Reitan Battery

• Many tests
• Halstead category test, Tactual test, Rhythm
  test, Speech-sounds perception test, Finger
  oscillation test
• Related procedures Trail making test,
  Strength-of-grip test, Sensory-perceptual
  examination
• Performance associated with dysfunction in one
  hemisphere

17
Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery

• Pluripotentiality
• Golden
• 269 items, 24 hours
• 11 subsections
• Motor functions, rhythm, tactile, visual,
  receptive speech, expressive speech, writing,
  reading, arithmetic skills, memory, intellectual
  processes
• Scores subsections, Pathognomic score, left or
  right hemisphere dysfunction

18
California Verbal Learning Test

• How errors are made in learning tasks
• Verbal learning and memory
• E.g., recall and recognition
• Good validity
• CVLT-C
• Ages 5 to 16
• Learning disabilities, ADHD, MR, neurological
  disorders
• Recall and recognition of words
• High reliability and validity

19
Anxiety

• Stress
• Frustration, conflict, pressure
• Exposure causes anxiety
• STAI
• 20 items per, 4-point scale
• A-State, A-Trait
• Reliability test-retest
• Validity 2 factor structure, good concurrent
  validity

20
Test Anxiety

• Mandler Sarason 2 types of responding
• Task-relevant or task-irrelevant responses
• Test Anxiety Questionnaire (TAQ)
• Learned task drive
• Learned anxiety drive
• 37 items, 15 cm line (ends and midpoint defined)
• High reliability

21
Test Anxiety

• Test Anxiety Scale (TAS)
• Sarason criticized TAQ for state not trait
• TAQ items in T/F format (21 items)
• Person focus (not situation)
• Valid as measure of personality
• Emotionality and Worry (Liebert Morris)
• Independent dimensions
• Achievement and Anxiety Test (AAT)
• Debilitating and facilitating anxiety

22
Coping and Social Support

• Ways Of Coping Scale
• 68 item checklist
• Thoughts and actions used in stressful situation
• Problem focused and emotion focused
• Social Support Questionnaire
• 27 items, people and satisfaction with support
• Very stable and valid

23
Quality of Life Assessment

• Health
• Psychometric vs. decision theory
• SF-36
• 8 health concepts
• Physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain,
  general health perceptions, vitality, social
  functioning, role emotional, mental health
• Good reliability and validity
• Not age-specific