Technology Achievement Index

1
Technology Achievement Index

• Sakiko Fukuda-Parr
• Human Development Report, UNDP

2
Technology Achievement Index

• The technological transformations and economic
  globalisation have raised the stakes for all
  countries to become technologically connected
  to be able to create, adapt, and use global
  innovations
• A measurement approach to assess the
  technological achievement of a county and its
  capacity to participate in the network age
• An aid to policy makers in identifying priorities

3
New paradigm of technology and development

• Technology based global marketplace
• Restructuring of production and value chains
  across the globe
• Restructuring of organisations
• Lower costs of information, communications,
  transport, knowledge
• Privatisation of R D

4
New paradigm of technology and development

• New opportunities
• New costs and rewards
• New map of hubs (centres of technological
  innovation, bring together top research, finance,
  market e.g. Silicon Valley, Bangalore, Gaoteng,
  El Gazela, Sao Paolo
• New map of diffusion

5
Networks of production, trade, research and
businessare creating new niches for developing
countriesLeading exporters of high-tech
products

• US 206 billion
• Japan 126
• Germany 95
• UK 77
• Singapore 66
• France 65
• Korea 48
• Netherlands 45
• Malaysia 44
• China 40
• Mexico 38
• Ireland 29
• Canada 26
• Italy 25
• Sweden 22

• 16. Switzerland 21
• 17. Belgium 19
• 18. Thailand 17
• 19. Spain 11
• 20. Finland 11
• 21. Denmark 9
• 22. Philippines 9
• 23. Israel 7
• 24. Austria 7
• 25. Hungary 6
• 26. Hong Kong 5
• 27. Brazil 4
• 28 Indonesia 3
• 29 Czech Rep 3
• 30 Costa Rica 3

6
Capacity for technology use

• Technology diffusion is not easy
• It requires capacity to adopt, adapt, use
• New age constant adoption of new technology
• Competing in the network age requires
  technological capacity

7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
Four critical capacities

• Creating new technology
• Diffusing recent innovations
• Diffusing existing technologies for the
  industrial and the network age
• Building a human skill base for technology
  adoption and creation

10
Technology Achievement Index

• Focuses on achievements of a country as a whole
• Relevant for the least developed as the most
  highly developed countries
• Focused on policy concerns facing a wide range of
  countries

11
Four components

• Technology creation number of patents per capita
  and royalty/license receipts per capita
• Diffusion of recent innovation internet users as
  of population
• Diffusion of old innovation electricity and
  telephone consumption per capita (logged)
• Human skills Mean years of schooling and gross
  enrolment in tertiary science and mathematics
  education

12
TAI values and rankings global trends

• Leaders high achievements in technology
  creation (Finland, US, Japan, Korea)
• Potential leaders high levels of human skills
  and diffusion but innovate little (Spain, Czech
  Rep)
• Dynamic adopters Dynamic in the use of
  technology but tent o have lower skills than
  potential leaders (Brazil, China, India)
• Marginalized Low achievements in all dimensions
  including spread of old technology

13
Comparing countries

• Many developing countries do well Korea
  outranks UK and Netherlands, Singapore, outranks
  Canada and Germany
• Contrasts among developing countries Mexico
  (0.389), Costa Rica (0.358) against, Honduras
  (0.208), Ecuador 0.253)
• Contrast among OECD countries Finland (0.744)
  and the UK (0.606)

14
Comparing countries..
15
Focus on countries

• Mexico strength 66 export earnings from high
  tech weaknesses 5 gross tertiary science
  enrolment, diffusion of old tech lags far behind
  Malaysia, Chile
• India nr.63 strengths world class hubs,
  leading technology policy debates weaknesses
  old technology poorly diffused 3.2 gross
  tertiary science enrolment ratio

16
New paradigm for development

• Technology gaps divide developed and developing
  countries
• But the network age presents new opportunities
  and the capacity to participate in these
  opportunities do not all follow the old divides.
  Capacity varies among developed countries as
  among developing countries

17
To find out more

• Human Development Report 2001 Making New
  Technologies Work for Human Development, OUP
• Available at www.undp.org
• Desai, Fukuda-Parr, Johansson and Sagasti,
  Measuring the Technology Achievement of Nations
  and the Capacity to Participate in the Network
  Age, Journal of Human Development, 2002