THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS

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THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS

• Why are people so conformist?

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Socialization

• the process through which people learn the
  expectations of society.
• the basis for identity, which is how one defines
  oneself

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Socialization as Social Control

• deviating from cultural expectations can lead to
  negative social sanctions.

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Conformity and Individuality

• A personal and society wide balancing act
• Do the rights of the individual supercede the
  needs of the society?

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The Consequences of Stratification

• establishes self-concepts
• creates the capacity for role-taking
• creates the tendency for people to act in
  acceptable ways
• makes people bearers of culture

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THEORIES OF SOCIALIZATION
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Psychoanalytic theory

• unconscious mind shapes human behavior

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The Human Psyche As Comprised of Three Parts

• Id
• Ego
• Superego

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Parapraxis

• You will reveal what you are thinking even when
  you are not aware that you think it.

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Freuds Stages of Development

• Oral
• Anal
• Oedipal
• Latency
• Adolescents

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Psychoanalytic Theory sees

• social identity as an inconsistent process,
  developed from dynamic tensions between strong
  instinctual impulses and social standards

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Object Relations Theory

• As the tree is bent so it grows

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Object Relations Theory

• The process is largely unconscious
• Attachment
• Individuation

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GENDER SHAPES PERSONALITY

• asymmetrical division of labor

• Children identify with the same-sex parent

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Piaget

• stages of development

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PIAGET STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

• sensorimotor stage
• preoperational stage
• concrete operational stage
• formal operational stage

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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

• the formation of identity is a learned response
  to social stimuli

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Symbolic Interaction Theory

• human actions are based on the meanings we
  attribute to things and these meanings emerge
  through social interaction

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symbolic interactionists

• the self is what we imagine we are,
• rather than an internal set of drives,
  instincts, and motives.

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Symbolic interactionists

• view the self as evolving over the life span.

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Charles Horton Cooley

• developed the looking-glass self
• 1)   how we think we appear to others
• 2)    how we think others judge us
• 3)  how the first two make us feel

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George Herbert Mead

• agreed with Cooley that children are socialized
  as they respond to others' attitudes toward them.

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George Herbert Mead

• Stages of development
• Play
• Game
• Generalized Other

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George Herbert Mead

• The self has two dimensions
• I
• Me

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AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

• those who pass on social expectations. Everyone
  is a socialization agent

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Socialization agents

• The Family
• The Media
• Peers
• Religion
• Sports
• Schools

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A DIVERSE SOCIETY

• In a heterogeneous culture system such as the
  U.S., variation in social contexts creates vastly
  different social experiences

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THE LIFE CYCLE

• Childhood
• Adolescents
• Adulthood and Old Age

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adulthood involves many transitions

• devaluing of the elderly
• Retirement
• Age stereotypes
• Age discrimination
• Ageism

Ageism
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Rites of Passage

• a ceremony ritual that marks the passage of an
  individual from one role to another

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RESOCIALIZATION

• the process by which existing social roles are
  radically altered or replaced.