Solutions, Acids, and Bases'

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Chapter 8 9

• Solutions, Acids, and Bases.

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• Solutions and other Mixtures.

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Suspension

• A mixture that looks uniform when stirred or
  shaken that separates into different layers when
  it is no longer agitated.

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Colloid

• A mixture of very tiny particles of pure
  substances that are dispersed in another
  substance but do not settle out of the substance.

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Examples of colloids

• Gelatin.
• Egg white.
• Paint.
• Blood.
• Fog.

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Emulsion

• Any mixture of immiscible liquids in which the
  liquids are spread throughout one another.
  Examples mayonnaise, cream

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Heterogeneous liquid-liquid mixtures

• A mixture of immiscible liquids.
• Salad dressing (Oil and vinegar).

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Q. Can fish drown?

• Yes, fish will drown if there not enough oxygen
  in the water.

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Solution

• A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
  uniformly spread throughout a single phase. Ex
  salt in water.

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Solutions can also be solids.

• Sapphires
• Rubies.

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Alloys are solid solutions of metals

• Brass is a solid solution of zinc and copper.

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Gaseous solutions

• Air
• 78nitroge
• 21oxygen
• 1 other gases

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Solute

• The substance that dissolves in a solution.
• Salt is the solute.

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Solvent

• The substance that dissolves the solute to make a
  solution.
• Water is the solvent.

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Miscible liquids mix to form solutions

• Water isopropanol make a solution of rubbing
  alcohol.
• Acetic acid water make vinegar.

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Methods of separating miscible liquids

• Distillation depends on the different boiling
  points of the liquids.
• Chromatography see p.191.

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• Dissolving and Solubility.

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Factors affecting dissolving

• Solutes with larger surface area dissolve faster.
• Stirring or shaking increases dissolving.

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• Hot solvents dissolve the solute faster.
• Some substances are insoluble in water.

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Water is the universal solvent.

• Water is a polar molecule

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Likes Dissolve Likes.

• Polar molecules dissolve only polar molecules.
  Oil dissolves in gasoline but not in water. Oil
  gasoline are nonpolar.

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Concentration

• The quantity of solute dissolved in a given
  quantity of solution.

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Unsaturated solution

• A solution that is able to dissolve more solute.

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Saturated solution

• A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute
  at the given conditions.

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Supersaturated solution

• A solution holding more dissolved solute than is
  specified by its solubility at a given
  temperature.

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Solubility

• The greatest quantity of a solute that will
  dissolve in a given quantity of solvent to
  produce a saturated solution.

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Molarity

• A concentration unit of a solution that expresses
  moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution.

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• Molarity Moles of solute/ Liters of solution.
• M mol/L

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Discussion

• Hexane (C6H14) is nonpolar, will it dissolve in
  water?
• Why is chewable medication faster-reacting in
  your body?

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• Acids, Bases, and pH.

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Acid

• A substance that donates hydrogen ions, H, to
  form hydronium ions, H3O, when dissolved in
  water.

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Examples of acids include

• Lemons, limes, vinegar, and dill pickles.

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Indicator

• A compound that can reversibly change color in a
  solution, depending on the concentration of H3O
  ions. Ex litmus paper.

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Strong acids

• Donate the hydronium ions readily.
• Ex hydrochloric acid HCl

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Weak acids

• Do not readily donate the hydronium ions.
• Ex acetic acid citric acid.

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Acids conduct electricity.

• Strong acids conduct electricity better than weak
  acids, because they ionize completely.

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Base

• A substance that either contains hydroxide ions,
  OH-, or reacts with water to form hydroxide ions.
• Foods that are basic taste bitter. Bases are
  also slippery.

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Examples of bases

• Ammonia.
• Sodium hydroxide NaOH
• Antacids.

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pH

• A measure of the hydronium ion concentration in a
  solution.
• How acidic?

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pH scale

• Scale that ranges from 0-14.
• pH less than 7 is acidic.
• pH more than 7 is basic.
• pH 7 is neutral.

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• If H gt OH- acidic solution.
• If OH gt H basic solution.
• If H OH- neutral solution.

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Neutralization reaction

• A reaction in which hydronium ions from an acid
  and hydroxide ions from a base react to produce
  water molecules.

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• Acid Base ? salt water
• HCl NaOH? NaCl H2O

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Acidic or basic?

• A soapy solution, pH9
• A sour liquid, pH5
• Pure water.
• A solution with more hydrogen ions than hydroxide
  ions.

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Sec 6.4

• Acids and Bases in the Home.

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Cleaning products

• Soap is a basic cleaner that can dissolve in both
  water and oil. When you wash your face with
  soap, it removes the oil droplets.

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• Detergents are also basic that can remove dirt
  and oil.

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• Ammonia, bleach, and disinfectants are basic.
• Antacids are weak bases that neutralize excess
  stomach acid.

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Discussion

• List three acidic household substances and three
  basic substances.