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LectureSeminar
Migration, Integration, and Ethnic Conflicts
Hartmut Esser University of Mannheim Fakulty of
Social Sciences Mannheim Centre for European
Social Research April/May 2006
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Introduction
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background International migration and ethnic
pluralization
part of globalization, mobilization, ongoing
modernization, functional differentiation ,
cultural pluralization, transnationalism and
ethnic stratification,
and the return of neo-feudalism,
fundamentalism, irrationalities, religion, clash
of cultures.
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three very different explananda

• Migration change of place of residence/
• migration flows
• Integration incorporation in a new
  environment/
• cohesion/fragmentation
• Ethnicity identification with a collective
  membership/ ethnic movements

with at least some interconnections
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Program
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1. Migration
2. Integration Basic Concepts and Debates
3. Acculturation The Case of Language
4. Education and Labor Market
5. A General Model of (Intergenerational)
Integration
6. Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts
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1. Migration
2. Integration Basic Concepts and Debates
3. Acculturation The Case of Language
4. Education and Labor Market
5. A General Model of (Intergenerational)
Integration
6. Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts
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Lection 1 Migration
1. What is Migration?
2. Theories of Migration
3. A General Model
4. New Debates
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Lection 1 Migration
1. What is Migration?
2. Theories of Migration
3. A General Model
4. New Debates
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What is Migration?
Migration is the permanent change of local
residence and of everyday relations
(Hoffmann-Nowotny 1970 53)
not important voluntary or not
not tourism, commuting
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additional aspects
other community, society, social environment
intended permanency of stay
interruption of routine contacts
differences in intentionality (pioneers,
imitation, chain m.)
main point for integration transferability of
capital?
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Ravensteins Laws (1888)
Short distances more than long distances
Industrial regions as targets
Stepwise absorption from low to high distances
Traffic conditions as possible barriers
Each migration creates a reversal one
Rural populations migrate more than urban
The problem Really true? Explanation?
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Lection 1 Migration
1. What is Migration?
2. Theories of Migration
3. A General Model
4. New Debates
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Approaches
Macro-Theories
Structural Theories
Micro-Theories
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1. Macro-Theories
General idea M. is a mechanism of functional
adaptation of/between societies
Variants MangalamSchwarzweller equivalent to
internal innovations and social change
Hoffmann-Nowotny export/import of
structural strains
implicit exit instead of voice over-under
-demand/over-under-supply
Problem no (explicit) explanation no
(explicit) micro-foundation
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2. Structural Theories
General idea certain structural variables
explain migration flows, like distances,
populations, opportunities
Variants Distance Theories (Zipf,
Dodd) Theories of Regional Disparities
(LowryRogers) Push-Pull-Theory
(Lee) Opportunity-Theory (Stouffer)
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Distance Theories (1)
Zipfs Law Fij (Pi Pj)/ D(ij)2
with Fij migration rate between region i and
j P population densities in i and j D
distance between i and j
Analogy to gravitation theory
Problem empirical differences in the effects of
P and D with regard to distributions of
individual characteristics (e.g. age, gender,
education)
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Distance Theories (2)
Dodd Fij k (mi Pi mj Pj)/ Dij
individualisation of factors age, education,
gender
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Distance Theories (3)

• implicit theoretical argument
• attraction of regions (weighted with
  propensities)
• distance as barrier
• decision of actors follwing structural
  conditions and
• individual intentions and opportunities

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Theory of regional disparities/ push-pull
LowryRogers Mij k ((Ui/ Uj) ((Wj/ Wi)
((LiLj))/ Dij)))
labor demand
wage niveau
with M as number of migrants L as number
non-farming U as number unemployed W as wage
niveau D as distance
Zipf
Lee net weight of attractions in RC,
disattractions in SC and barriers between SC and
RC
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Opportunity Theory
Stouffer Theory of intervening opportunities
Main intuition distances are indicators for
(subjective) reasons to migrate
opportunities, alternatives and costs
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Opportunity Theory
D(y)/D(s)
(a/x) (D(x)/D(s))
Migration rate from C to D(s)
with C starting point D(y) number of
persons who migrate to target region
s D(s) width of target region s
a constant x number of intervening
opportunities in distance s D(x) number of
opportunities within D(s)
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Opportunity Theory
Implications
The higher the number of opportunities in region
s, the higher the number of migrants to region s
The higher the number of intervening
opportunities between C and region s (x), the
lower the number of migrants to region s (D(y))
e.g. labour market positions, adequate housing
conditions, other people of the same
ethnicity
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Evaluation migration now clearly as problem
solving by individuals under situational
constraints
last step to an explicit micro-foundation in
the explanation of migration flows
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3. Micro-Theories
General idea migration is a decision between
alternatives and follows the optimization of
values of goals and expectations to realize
these goals

• Variants
• Expected Utility-Theory
• The Stay-Move-Model
• Economic Investment-Theory

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1. The Expected-Utility-Model (extension to other
goals)
Maximization of expected utility EU(Ai)
(p(ij)U(j)
with p(ij) as probability of gaining j by
action i U(j) value of outcome j
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A simplification for the two needs of utility
production (following the theory of social
production functions)
EU(i) p(im)U(m) p(is)U(s) - (q(im)C(m)
q(is)C(s)
Problem too complicated and demandful for actors
with bounded rationality
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2. The Stay-Move-Investment-Model
General idea there is always a certain and
cheap outcome (stay) and a risky and costly
possibility to invest in some new alternative
(move)
Alternatives stay (accept status
quo) move (investment)
Components
Gain status quo U(sq)
Gain investment U(in)
Probability of success p
Costs C
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EU-weights of the alternatives
EU(sq) U(sq)
stay
EU(in) pU(in) (1-p)U(sq) - C
move
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Investment if
EU(in) gt EU(sq)
pU(in) (1-p)U(sq) C gt U(sq)

U(in) U(sq) gt C/p
Motivation gt
Costs/Opportunities
main implication strong inertia (in most cases),
because p is mostly very low
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A graphical illustration
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U(in) U(sq) gains
move
Motivation
Costs
stay
C
Opportunities
p
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U(in) U(sq) gains
move
C/p
Motivation
Costs low
stay
C
Opportunities high
p
p
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U(in) U(sq) gains
move
C/p
Motivation
Costs high
C
Opportunities high
p
p
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U(in) U(sq) gains
move
C/p
Motivation
Costs high
C
Opportunities high
p
p
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U(in) U(sq) gains
move
Motivation low
Costs
C
Opportunities
p
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U(in) U(sq) gains
move
Motivation increases
Costs
C
Opportunities
p
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pioneers
U(in) U(sq) gains
C/p
Motivation high
Costs
C
Opportunities
p
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U(in) U(sq) gains
C/p
Motivation very high
Costs
C
Opportunities
p
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U(in) U(sq) gains
Motivation very high
Costs decrease
C
Opportunities
p
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therefore incentives and opportunities
are both necessary, but not sufficient
very low opportunities prevent any
migration
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3. The Economic-Investment-Model
with EU(mig) tendency to migrate p as
probability of success Y as income in RC and
SC C as costs of migration r as interest rate
(shadow of the future)
(complicated) version of the the stay-move-model
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What do we have?
Macro-Theories too vague no
micro-foundation
Structural Theories more specific, but mostly
wrong micro-foundation implictit only

Micro-Theories no connection to specific
conditions (or too specific, eg
wages as motivation only
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Lection 1 Migration
1. What is Migration?
2. Theories of Migration
3. A General Model
4. New Debates
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The Explanandum Migration-Flows
The general idea
migration-flows as aggregated decisions of
indivuals to migrate, following certain
structural conditions in a sending country and
possible target countries (receiving country)
three separate questions
which structural elements are important? which
micro-theory explains the individual decisions
best? which complications in the aggregration
can/do occur?
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migration flow SC to RC
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sending
receiving
country
country

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1
Actors SC
Migration
2
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1. Which structural conditions?
old theories of migration wage differentials
and factor disparities
new theories of migration

• compensation of new risks in SC (demand for
  capital)
• relative deprivation and reference groups
• social relations and social capital (migration
  networks)
• historical and cultural affinities

background migration as part of world system,
globalization and
transnationalism
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2. Which kind of decision?
General development from macro to micro
macro-theories and laws of migration
cost/benefit (implicit) distance theories (Zipf)
attractions and costs intervening opportunities
(Stouffer) goals and opportuntities
decision theories migration as (risky costly)
investment
main modification
migration as stepwise decision
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Migration as stepwise decision (Kalter 1997)
1. something must happen! (interruption of
everyday routine migration
consideration)
2. no longer voice! Exit!
Frame-switch
3. choice of concrete destination
very often no thought of migration until a
significant event occurs, mostly
occupational opportunities
framing A sudden definition of the situation,
activated by significant events (and backed by
incentives and opportunities)
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3. Which complications in aggregation?
1. household decision(s)
bargaining, collective decision
2. chain migration
diffusion
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chain migration
pioneers
next others
more others
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as threshold-process
100 proportion of migrants already in RC
individual migration thresholds
100
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as threshold-process
100 proportion of migrants already in RC
actual distribution
individual migration thresholds
100
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allows answers some (traditional) questions
Why are there so few migrations?
Why are certain migrants at certain places
Why is there a great independence between
economic conditions and migration flows (eg.
Swizetland and Somalia
Why do we have a (often) a negative selection
of migrants who follow some pioneers?
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Lection 1 Migration
1. What is Migration?
2. Theories of Migration
3. A General Model
4. New Debates
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Background
traditional migration theory was influenced very
much by some traditional (societal and global)
conditions (eg)

• nation states as SC/RC
• subsistence economies (in third world)
• high costs of transporation and communication
• consistent regional differentials (power,
  prestige,
• economic and demographic demand and
  supply)
• wage differentials, business cycles, labor
  market conditions
• as only important

consequence stable and (later on) decreasing
migration flows of homogeneous populations with
a clear assimilative perspective
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What has changed?
other motives assurance strategies caused by
decline of subsistence economies demand for
financial capital diversification of income
sources relative deprivation political
reasons social motives as consequence of
migrations before
social embeddedness and social capital ethnic
enclaves decreased transportation and
communication costs globalization/decline of
nation states as natural units
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old vs new migration

• new groups (negative selection)
• from container-societies to transnational
  networks
• globalization, international migration and the
  world system

and a complete new (migration) theory!
Really?