Additives, Fillers, Reinforcements

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Additives, Fillers, Reinforcements
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Role of

• Additives
• Fillers
• Reinforcement

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Additives

• Modifying Additives
• Antistatic agents
• Compatibilizers
• Reinforcing fillers
• Reinforcing fibers
• Impact modifiers
• Foaming agents
• Plasticisers
• Cross-linking agents
• Antifogging agents
• Colorants
• Coupling agents
• Degradability additives
• Fragrances
• Organic peroxides
• Surface active agents

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Additives

• Protective additives
• Antioxidants
• Flame retardants
• Heat stabilizers
• UV stabilizers
• Lubricants
• Antiozonants
• Antimicrobial
• Antistatic agents
• Mold release agents
• Smoke suppressants

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Additives

• Issues to consider
• Exact chemical nature of these materials. What
  are these materials?
• How do they function?
• Cost
• Proper amounts to be a added
• Interaction with plastics
• Interaction with each other
• Long-term issues (function, longevity,
  environmental, )
• Handling
• Mixing with plastics

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Antioxidants

• Antioxidants retard the oxidative degradation of
  plastics which is initiated when free radicals
  are created in the polymer by heat, UV,
  mechanical shear, or metallic impurities

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Antioxidants

• 160 million in U.S.
• Hindered phenols
• Phosphites
• Thioesters

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Hindered Phenols

• BHT has FDA approval and is relatively
  inexpensive
• But volatile and may cause discoloration

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Less Volatile Hindered Phenols
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Phosphites

• Often used as costabilizers with hindered phenols

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Thioesters

• S(CH2CH2CO2R)2
• Often used with hindered phenols

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UV Stabilizers

• 130 Million in U.S.
• Preferential UV absorbers
• Absorb preferentially to the polymer and
  dissipate the absorbed energy without harm to the
  polymer
• Quenching Agents
• Metal chelates that convert the excess energy
  absorbed to heat

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UV Stabilizers

• Free Radical Terminators
• Radical scavengers that both inhibit the
  propagation of free radicals and act as a
  scavenger
• Hydroperoxide Decomposers
• Metal chelates and hindered amines that prevent
  the formation of free radicals by stabilizing
  hydroperoxides

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Preferential UV absorbers
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Hindered Amine Light StabilizersHALS
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Antistatic Agents

• Static electricity can build up on the surface of
  polymers and needs to be dispersed to avoid the
  possibility of sparking, the accumulation of dust
  and other complications

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Antistatic Agents

• Typically hygroscopic chemicals such as
  ethoxylated amines

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Peroxides

• For polymerization of
• PVC
• LDPE
• ABS
• For crosslinking resins
• As hardeners for unsaturated polyester
  resins(thermoset polyester)

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Lubricants

• Internal lubricants to improve flow
• External to enhance mold release
• Typically long hydrocarbon chain with a polar end

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Lubricants

• Fatty acid amides
• Fatty acid esters
• Fatty acids
• Fatty acid salts
• Waxes

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FR
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Flame Retardants

• Chemicals used to retard ignition and burning of
  plastics
• Worldwide market 2.5 Billion
• FR additives enable plastics to meet various fire
  safety and performance standards imposed upon
  them.
• UL

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FR Mechanisms

• Absorbing heat by the release of water
• Forming an insulating char on the substrate which
  starves the fire
• Interfering with the chemical reactions that
  maintain the fire and promote the spread of flame

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Absorbing heat by the release of water

• Alumina Trihydrate Al2O3.3H20
• Largest volume FR in the U.S.
• 240,000 metric tons
• ATH used in polyacrylates ( e.g. Duponts
  Corian), thermoset polyester resins, polyolefins
  and PVC

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Forming an insulating char on the substrate which
starves the fire

• Phosphorous flame retardants
• Phosphate esters (RO)3PO
• PVC, Polyurethanes, PPO

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Interfering with the chemical reactions that
maintain the fire and promote the spread of flame

• Halogenated compounds
• Brominated aromatics most common
• Nylons, polyesters, styrenics, polyolefins

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Halogenated FR

• Free radical capture" process - takes place in
  the vapor phase. On combustion at a temperature
  of over 600 F, the halogen forms hydrochloric or
  hydrobromic acid that reacts with the antimony
  oxide to form antimony trihalide or antimony
  oxyhalide.
• The flame retarding action takes place in the
  vapor stage above the burning material. It is
  thought that "free radicals propagate" the flame.
• Antimony trihalides or antimony oxyhalides act as
  "free radical traps", and take up free radicals.

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Heat Stabilizers

• Used for PVC
• 200 business in U.S.
• Various barium, cadmium, tin compounds that
  scavenge reactive organic chlorine bonds thereby
  preventing catastrophic dehydrochlorination

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Other Additives

• Nucleating agents
• Clarifiers
• Impact Modifiers
• Antimicrobial agents

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An introduction to Color, the overlooked
material property.
By Joe CameronMgr., Color TechnologyRTP Company
          What is color and how do we see
it? 1.      Illuminant 2.      Object 3.     
Receptor         Measuring color. 1.     
Colorimeters 2.      Spectrophotometers 3.     
Relational nature of color         The
importance of Refractive Index in color and
appearance. 1.      Gloss 2.      Texture 3.     
Color strength         Colorants used in
plastics. 1.      Pigments 2.      Dyes 3.     
Inorganic 4.      Organic    

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An introduction to Color, the overlooked
material property.
By Joe CameronMgr., Color TechnologyRTP Company
References Books 1.      F.W. Billmeyer, Jr and
M. Saltzman, Principles of Color Technology, 2nd
ed., Wiley 1981 2.      Anni Burger-Schunn,
Practical Color Measurement, Wiley 1994 3.     
R.W.G. Hunt, Measuring Colour, 2nd ed., Hemel
Hempstead, Herts Simon Schuster 1991 4.     
R.S.Hunter, R.W.Harold, The Measurement of Color,
2nd ed., Wiley 1987 5.      Hans G. V?lz,
Industrial Color Testing, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft
1995 6.      G. Buxbaum, Industrial Inorganic
Pigments, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft 1993 7.     
W.Herbst/K. Hunger, Industrial Organic Pigments,
VCH Verlagsgesellschaft 1992 8.        Thomas G.
Weber, Ed., Coloring Of Plastics, Wiley 1979 (2nd
Ed avail Jul 2001) 9.        Kurt Nassau, The
Physics and Chemistry Of Color, Wiley
1983 10.     Heinrich Zollinger, Color A
Multidisciplinary Approach, Wiley 2000 11.    
Richard J.D. Tilley, Colour and Optical
Properties of Materials, Wiley 2000   Websites   1
.        www.specad.org The Coloring Pages
other Links 2.        www.creoscitex.com/
support/ training/ colorthe/ physic_2.asp 3.      
  www.sci.engr.color Periodicals   1.     
Color research and application, Wiley
Interscience  
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Fillers
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Fillers

• Glass beads
• Milled glass
• Nickel
• Clay
• Calcium carbonate
• Talc
• Mica
• Wollastonite
• Pigments

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ReinforcementsYou are expert in this area!