II ,

1
???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????
?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ???????
2

• I ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????
  ? ???????
• II ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?
  ??????
• III ??? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????
  ?? ????? 21. ????

3
I ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????
? ???????
4

• Why should policymakers and practitioners care
  about the scholarly study of international
  affairs? Those who conduct foreign policy often
  dismiss academic theorists (frequently, one must
  admit, with good reason), but there is an
  inescapable link between the abstract world of
  theory and the real world of policy (Stephen M.
  Walt)

5

• ?he debate over nato expansion looks different
  depending on which theory one employs. From a
  "realist" perspective, nato expansion is an
  effort to extend Western influence--well beyond
  the traditional sphere of U.S. vital
  interests--during a period of Russian weakness
  and is likely to provoke a harsh response from
  Moscow. From a liberal perspective, however,
  expansion will reinforce the nascent democracies
  of Central Europe and extend nato's
  conflict-management mechanisms to a potentially
  turbulent region. A third view might stress the
  value of incorporating the Czech Republic,
  Hungary, and Poland within the Western security
  community, whose members share a common identity
  that has made war largely unthinkable. (Stephen
  M. Walt)

6

• ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????
  ???????. ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????
  ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??
  ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????
  ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ???? ??
  ???????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ?????????? ?????
  ? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ?
  ?????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ?? ????????
  ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????????.
  ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??
  ????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????. (????? ???)

7

• The study of international relations is supposed
  to tell us how the world works. Its a tall
  order, and even the best theories fall short. But
  they can puncture illusions and strip away the
  simplistic brand namessuch as neocons or
  liberal hawks that dominate foreign-policy
  debates. Even in a radically changing world, the
  classic theories have a lot to say. (Jack Snyder)

8
(No Transcript)
9
II ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?
??????
10

• ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ????
  ????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ???????? (?????
  ?. ???)
• ????????????????, ??????? ?? ???????????
  ???????... ?? ?? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????
  ??????? ?? ???????? ? ?????????? ? ??????. (Chris
  Brown)

11

• T?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??
  ????????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????????
  ???? ?? ???????? ????? ? ???? ??. ????? ?????????
  ?? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????
  ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?????,
  ??????? ??? ????? ? ?? ??????? ???. (Steve Smith,
  John Baylis)

12

• ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????, ????????
  ?????????, ? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????
  ??????????. ??????? ???????? ????????????
  ???????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????.
  ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????
  ???? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??????. ????????? ??
  ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????????. ?????
  ?????????????????, ??????? ????? ?????????
  ???????? ? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?
  ??????????????- ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????.
  (Kenneth Neal Waltz)

13

• ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????
  ??????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????????.
  (Stephen M. Walt)
• ??????? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????????
  ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????????
  ?????????. ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???
  ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????.
  ????????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ? ???? ??????? ??
  ????????? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ??????????
  ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ??????????? ??
  ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ??. ??? ???
  ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????, ?????????? ??? ??
  ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ???? ?? ??
  ??????? ?????????. (????? ???)

14

• ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ? ???? ??????, ??
  ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????...
• ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ? ????????
  ????????... ??????? ???? ?????????????...
  ???????, ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????
  ????????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????
  ?? ??????? ????? ?????...
• ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????????
  ?????????? (John J. Mearsheimer)

15

• Theories of international relations claim to
  explain the way international politics works, but
  each of the currently prevailing theories falls
  well short of that goal. One of the principal
  contributions that international relations theory
  can make is not predicting the future but
  providing the vocabulary and conceptual framework
  to ask hard questions of those who think that
  changing the world is easy. (Jack Snyder)

16

• International relations theory also shapes and
  informs the thinking of the public intellectuals
  who translate and disseminate academic ideas.
  (Jack Snyder)

17
III ??? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????
?? ????? 21. ????
18

• No single approach can capture all the complexity
  of contemporary world politics. (Stephen M.
  Walt)
• ? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??
  ????????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????
• ????? ? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ? ????????????
  ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??
  ???? ?????, ??? ????? ????????? ???????????
  (Chris Brown)

19
?????????? ??????

• ????????
• ?????????
• ??????? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??
  ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????
  ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???
  (Children of the Dark- Niebuhr) a ????????? ?? ??
  ????? ?? ??????? ????? (Children of the Light-
  Niebuhr)

20

• The study of international affairs is best
  understood as a protracted competition between
  the realist, liberal, and radical traditions.
  Realism emphasizes the enduring propensity for
  conflict between states liberalism identifies
  several ways to mitigate these conflictive
  tendencies and the radical tradition describes
  how the entire system of state relations might be
  transformed. The boundaries between these
  traditions are somewhat fuzzy and a number of
  important works do not fit neatly into any of
  them, but debates within and among them have
  largely defined the discipline. (Stephen M. Walt)

21
(No Transcript)
22
Realism
23
Introduction the timeless wisdom of Realism

• Realism has been the dominant theory of world
  politics since the beginning of academic
  International Relations.
• Outside of the academy, Realism has a much longer
  history. Skepticism about the capacity of human
  reason to deliver moral progress resonates
  through the work of classical political theorists
  such as Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, and
  Rousseau.

24
Introduction the timeless wisdom of Realism

• The unifying theme around which all realist
  thinking converges is that states find themselves
  in the shadow of anarchy such that their security
  cannot be taken for granted. In such
  circumstances, it is rational for states to
  compete for power and security.

25
One Realism, or many?

• There is a lack of consensus in the literature as
  to whether we can meaningfully speak about
  Realism as a single coherent theory.
• There are good reasons for delineating different
  types of Realism. The most important cleavage is
  between those who grant theoretical primacy to
  human nature and those who accentuate the
  importance of international anarchy and the
  distribution of power in the international system.

26
One Realism, or many?

• Structural realism (neorealism) divides into two
  camps those who argue that states are security
  maximizers (defensive realism) and those who
  argue that states are power maximizers (offensive
  realism)
• There are contemporary realists who dissent from
  both defensive and offensive variants of
  structural realism. Neoclassical realists bring
  individual and unit variation back into the
  theory while rational choice realists recognize
  the importance of international institutions.

27
The essential Realism

• Statism is the centrepiece of Realism. This
  involves two claims. First, for the theorist, the
  state is the pre-eminent actor and all other
  actors in world politics are of lesser
  significance. Second, state sovereignty
  signifies the existence of an independent
  political community, one which has juridical
  authority over its territory.

28
The essential Realism

• Survival The primary objective of all states is
  survival this is the supreme national interest
  to which all political leaders must adhere. All
  other goals such as economic prosperity are
  secondary (or low politics). In order to
  preserve the security of their state, leaders
  must adopt an ethical code which judges actions
  according to the outcome rather than in terms of
  a judgement about whether the individual act is
  right or wrong. If there are any moral universals
  for political realists, these can only be
  concretized in particular communities.

29
The essential Realism

• Self-help No other state or institution can be
  relied upon to guarantee your survival. In
  international politics, the structure of the
  system does not permit friendship, trust, and
  honour only a perennial condition of uncertainty
  generated by the absence of a global government.
  Coexistence is achieved through the maintenance
  of the balance of power, and limited co-operation
  is possible in interactions where the realist
  state stands to gain more than other states.

30
?????????? ????????????

• ???????? ???????? - Hans J. Morgenthau- Politics
  among Nations. 1948
• ??????????? (???????????? ????????) Kenneth N.
  Waltz, Theory of International Politics, 1979
• ????????? ??????????? John J. Mearsheimer, The
  Tragedy of Great Power politics, 2001
• ?????????? ???????????, Charles L. Glaser,
  Realist as Optimists- Cooperation as a
  Self-Help, 1994
• ????????? ??????????? ????????, Randall L.
  Schweller, Bandwagoning for Profit-Bringing the
  Revisionist State back in, 1994
• ?????????? ??????????? ????????, Jack L. Snyder,
  Myths of Empire Domestic Politics and
  International Ambition , 1991

31
Liberalism
32
Introduction

• The liberal tradition in political thought goes
  back at least as far as the thinking of John
  Locke in the late seventeenth century. From then
  on, liberal ideas have profoundly shaped how we
  think about the relationship between government
  and citizens.
• Liberalism is both a theory of government within
  states and good governance between states and
  peoples worldwide. Unlike realism, which regards
  the international as an anarchic realm,
  liberals seek to project values of order,
  liberty, justice and toleration into
  international relations.

33
Introduction

• The high-water mark of liberal thinking in
  international relations was reached in the
  inter-war period in the work of idealists who
  believed that warfare was an unnecessary and
  outmoded way of settling disputes between states.
• Domestic and international institutions are
  required to protect and nurture these values. But
  note that these values and institutions allow for
  significant variations which accounts for the
  fact that there are heated debates within
  liberalism.

34
Core ideas in Liberal thinking on international
relations

• Although there are important continuities between
  Enlightenment liberal thought and twentieth
  century ideas, such as the belief in the power of
  world public opinion to tame the interests of
  states, liberal idealism was more programmatic.
  For idealists, the freedom of states is part of
  the problem of international relations and not
  part of the solution. Two requirements follow
  from their diagnosis. The first is the need for
  explicitly normative thinking how to promote
  peace and build a better world. Second, states
  must be part of an international organization,
  and be bound by its rules and norms.

35
Core ideas in Liberal thinking on international
relations

• Central to idealism was the formation of an
  international organization to facilitate peaceful
  change, disarmament, arbitration, and (where
  necessary) enforcement. The League of Nations was
  founded in 1920 but its collective security
  system failed to prevent the descent into world
  war in the 1930s. The victor states in the
  wartime alliance against Nazi Germany pushed for
  a new international institution to be created
  the United Nations Charter was signed in June
  1945 by fifty states in San Francisco. It
  represented a departure from the League in two
  important respects. Membership was near
  universal, and the great powers were able to
  prevent any enforcement action from taking place
  which might be contrary to their interests.

36
Core ideas in Liberal thinking on international
relations

• In the post-1945 period, liberals turned to
  international institutions to carry out a number
  of functions the state could not perform. This
  was the catalyst for integration theory in Europe
  and pluralism in the United States. By the early
  1970s, pluralism had mounted a significant
  challenge to realism. It focused on new actors
  (transnational corporations, non-governmental
  organizations) and new patterns of interaction
  (interdependence, integration).

37
?????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????

• Ramification
• Integration
• Cooperation
• Forms follows Functions
• Peace through parts

38
Core ideas in Liberal thinking on international
relations

• Neoliberalism represents a more sophisticated
  theoretical challenge to contemporary realism.
  They explain the durability of institutions
  despite significant changes in context.
  According to neoliberals, institutions exert a
  causal force on international relations, shaping
  state preferences and locking them in to
  cooperative arrangements.
• Democratic peace liberalism and neoliberal
  institutionalism are the dominant strands in
  liberal thinking today.

39
Neo-liberalism

• Neo-liberal institutionalism, the other side of
  the neo-neo debate, is rooted in the functional
  integration theoretical work of the 1950s and 60s
  and the complex interdependence and transnational
  studies literature of the 1970s and 80s.
• Neo-liberal institutionalists see institutions as
  the mediator and the means to achieve
  co-operation in the international system. Regimes
  and institutions help govern a competitive and
  anarchic international system and they encourage,
  and at times require, multilateralism and
  co-operation as a means of securing national
  interests.

40
Neo-liberalism

• Neo-liberal institutionalists recognize that
  co-operation may be harder to achieve in areas
  where leaders perceive they have no mutual
  interests.
• Neo-liberals believe that states co-operate to
  achieve absolute gains and the greatest obstacle
  to co-operation is cheating or non-compliance
  by other states.

41
??????? ???????????? ????

• Majkl Dojl
• . Postao je poznat sredinom osamdesetih godina
  kada je objavio tekst (iz dva dela) pod naslovom
  "Kant, liberal legacies and Foreign Affairs". Taj
  tekst je moe se bez sumnje reci temeljni tekst
  teorije demokratskog mira. U njemu je, po recima
  samog Dojla, on pokuao da pokae kako cuveni
  esej "Vecni mir" Imanuela Kanta iz 1795. godine
  moe biti koricen da bi se objasnile dve veoma
  vane pravilnosti u svetskoj politici 1)
  tendencija da su liberalne drave istovremeno
  miroljubive (sklone miru) u njihovim medusobnim
  odnosima i 2) da su neuobicajeno sklone ratu u
  njihovim odnosima sa neliberalnim dravama.
• REPUBLIKANSKO DEMOKRATSKO PREDSTAVLJANJE, JEDNA
  VRSTA IDEOLOKE ODANOSTI POTOVANJU OSNOVNIH
  LJUDSKIH PRAVA I TRANSNACIONALNA MEÐUZAVISNOST DA
  PARAFRAZIRAMO TRI CLANA VECNOG MIRA, su tri nuna
  i dovoljna uzroka da bi se ove dve pravilnosti
  pojavile u svetskoj politici.
• ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????

42
???????????? ????????????

• ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ?. ????
  ????????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????,
• ???????????? ????????????????? (?????? ???????,
  ???? ?. ??????)
• ?????????????? (?????? ???????)
• ??????? ???????????? ???? (????? ????, ???? ?????)

43
Social Constructivism
44
The Rise of Constructivism

• The end of the Cold War meant that there was a
  new intellectual space for scholars to challenge
  existing theories of international politics.
• Constructivists drew from established
  sociological theory to demonstrate how social
  science could help international relations
  scholars understand the importance of identity
  and norms in world politics.

45
The Rise of Constructivism

• Constructivists demonstrated how attention to
  norms and states identities could help uncover
  important issues neglected by neorealism and
  neoliberalism.

46
Constructivism

• Constructivists are concerned with human
  consciousness, treat ideas as structural factors,
  consider the dynamic relationship between ideas
  and material forces as a consequence of how
  actors interpret their material reality, and are
  interested in how agents produce structures and
  how structures produce agents.
• Knowledge shapes how actors interpret and
  construct their social reality.

47
Constructivism

• The normative structure shapes the identity and
  interests of actors such as states.
• Social facts such as sovereignty and human rights
  exist because of human agreement while brute
  facts such as mountains are independent of such
  agreements.
• Social rules are regulative, regulating already
  existing activities, and constitutive, make
  possible and define those very activities.

48
Constructivism

• Social construction denaturalizes what is taken
  for granted, asks questions about the origins of
  what is now accepted as a fact of life and
  considers the alternative pathways that might
  have and can produce alternative worlds.
• Power can be understood not only as the ability
  of one actor to get another actor to do what she
  would not do otherwise but also as the production
  of identities and interests that limit the
  ability to control their fate.

49
???????????? ????????????

• Alexander Wendt, Anarchy is what States make of
  it, 1992
• Michael Barnett
• Nicholas Onuf

50
??????????

• Dragan Simic, Nauka o bezbednosti- savremeni
  pristupi bezbednosti, Slubeni list SRJ, Fakultet
  politickih nauka, Beograd, 2002, str. str. 25-33
  65-82
• Dozef S. Naj, Jr., Kako razumevati medunarodne
  sukobe, Stubovi kulture, Beograd, 2006, str.
  19-25 30-40 57-62 271-279 315-321 336-338
  340-341 345-350
• Stephen M. Walt, "International Relations One
  World, Many Theories", Foreign Policy, Spring
  1998, pp. 29- 46.
• -Jack L. Snyder, "One World, Rival Theories",
  Foreign Policy, November/December 2004, pp.
  53-62.
• - Robert Jackson, Georg Sorensen, Introduction to
  International Relations-Theories and approaches,
  Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003, Second
  Edition, pp. 35, 44, 48, 98, 61,79, 86, 108, 115,
  120, 123, 129, 132, 235, 255, 264
• -Chris Brown, Kirsten Ainley, Understanding
  International Relations, Palgrave, Macmillan,
  London, 2005, Third Edition, pp. 19-62 Steve
  Smith, John Baylis, (Eds.) The Globalization of
  World Politics-An Introduction to International
  Relations, Oxford University Press, New York,
  2005, Third Edition pp. 1- 6., 29-37. 158-293
  297-324

51
????? ?? ?????!