Memory

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Memory

• ability
• to accept information
• to store
• to recall, to retrieve information from NS

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• Memory vs learning
• Engram
• Memory is not homogeneous
• Duration, persistence
• Brain structures
• Molecular mechanisms

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Molecular mechanisms

• Posttetanic potentiation (short term
  potentiation)
• Long term potentiation LTP

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Posttetanic potentiation
A hight rate of stimulation of the presynaptic
neuron
A gradual increase in the amplitude of the
postsynaptic potential
Postsynaptic potential increases in size
potentiation
The enhancement in the strength of the synapse
represents storage of information about previous
activity It can lasts minutes but can persist for
an hour. An elementary form of memory
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Posttetanic potentiation
Large Ca2 influx. Saturation of the various Ca2
buffering systems (ER, mitochondia) Temporary
excess of Ca2 is called residual Ca2.
Concentration of free Ca2 affects the amount of
transmitter released
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Long term potentiation LTP
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NMDA glutamate receptor
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Long term potentiation LTP
Glutamate synapse
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Long term potentiation LTP
Increase in the sensitivity and number of
postsynaptic AMPA receptors
retrograde messenger (NO)
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Long term potentiation LTP
Presynaptic part
retrograde messenger (nitric oxide)
Postsynaptic part
NO initiate an enhancement of transmitter release
that contributes to LTP
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Long term potentiation LTP
Increase in the sensitivity and number of
postsynaptic AMPA receptors
retrograde messenger (NO)
New synapses
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Temporal phases of memory(based on different
biological mechanisms)
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Iconic (visual) echoic (auditory) reflect the
activity of sensory buffers, continuation of
sensory neural activity   Short-term memories
last for seconds up to a minutes Intermediate-ter
m memory for hours or days Long-term memory
weeks, months, years, for the rest of the life of
an organism (permanent memory)   Working memory
(short-term or intermediate-term) is limited by
the use of information
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Retrograde amnesia
A person who has been knocked unconscious
selectively loses memory for events that occured
before the blow
This supports a model of Memory storage in stages
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A scheme of memory processes that includes
encoding, consolidation and retrieval
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Long term memory
Pacient H.M.
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H.M. was taught to trace between two outlines of
a star while viewing his hand in a mirror
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Regions of the human brain that have been
implicated in the formulation of long-term
declarative memories.
A lateral view of the brain shows the levels of
the transverse sections
Cross sections in two levels
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Explicit memory is stored in association cortex
Explicit knowledge involves at least four
distinct processes
Encoding - incoming information must be perceived
Consolidation newly stored information is
labile, to make it more stable (expression of
genes, structural changes
Storage- to retain over time, almost unlimited
capacity
Retrieval to bring different kinds of
information together, it is constructive process,
subject to distortion
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Long term memory classification
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Epizodic-like memory test
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Long term memory classification
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Morris water maze
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Blue velvet arena
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Epizodic-like memory test
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Long term memory classification
Habituation Sensitization Imprinting
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Long term memory nondeclarative nonassociateve
Habituation
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Long term memory nondeclarative nonassociateve
Sensitization Imprinting
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Long term memory
classical conditioning instrumental, operant
conditioning (standard or motor learning)
conditioned taste aversion priming
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Classical conditioning
Ivan Petrovic Pavlov
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Classical conditioning
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
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Standard operant conditioning
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Standard operant conditioning
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Priming
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Priming
ABSENT INCOME FILLY DISCUSS CHEESE ELEMENT
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Priming
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Priming (ovlivnení odhadu)
ABS INC FIL DIS CHE ELE