Napelem vlogats - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Title: Napelem vlogats


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Napelem válogatás

• Történelem
• Alapok
• Részletek
• Újdonságok

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Use of energy today

• Oil is the most used energy source
• Natural gas is also used a lot
• Coal and charcoal are also used a lot
• Renewable energy is not used very much

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Timeline of Photovoltaics

• 1839Photovoltaic effect discovered by Becquerel
• 1954First practical solar cell invented at Bell
  Labs by Chapin, Fuller, and Pearson
• 1960s and 70sSolar cell research focused on
  spaceflight applications
• 1973Oil embargo, energy crisis
• 1976Creation of the DOE, and its Photovoltaics
  Program

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p/njunction with irradiationcrystal view
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The real Silicon Solar-cell
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Equivalent circuit of a solar cell
IPH photocurrent of the solar-cell
ID /UD current and voltage of the internal p-n
diode
RP shunt resistor due to inhomogeneity of the
surface and loss-current at the solar-cell edges
RS serial resistor due to resistance of the
silicon-bulk and contact material
ISG/USG Solar-cell current and voltage
RL/IL/UL Load-Resistance, current and
voltage ISG IL, USG UL
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Solar-Cell characteristics
simplified circuit
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Solar-cell characteristics
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Timeline of Photovoltaics
Lewis, et al. Basic Research Needs for Solar
Energy Utilization.
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Background and Cost

• Photovoltaics convert
• sunlight directly to
• electric power
• Carbon-neutral
• Highly abundantthe
• earth receives 120
• quadrillion watts of power
• from the sun, humans
• currently use about 13 trillion watts
• Costs
• Module cost
• Balance of system cost
• Power conditioning cost
• Currently about 0.30/kWh, a factor of 5-10
  behind total cost of fossil fuel generation

Lewis, et al. Basic Research Needs for Solar
Energy Utilization.
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Timeline of Photovoltaics
Lewis, et al. Basic Research Needs for Solar
Energy Utilization.
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Production process
1. Silicon Wafer-technology (mono- or
multi-crystalline)
Most purely silicon99.999999999
melting / crystallization
Occurence Siliconoxide (SiO2) sand
Tile-production
Mechanical cutting Thickness about 300µm Minimum
Thickness about 100µm
Plate-production
typical Wafer-size 10 x 10 cm2 Link to
Producers of Silicon Wafers
cleaning
Quality-control
Wafer
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Production- Processmono- or multi-crystalline
Siliconcrystal growth process
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Production - Process
Silicon Band-Growth Process
EFG Edge-defined Film-fed Growth Less
energy-consumptively than crystal-growth
process Thickness about 100µm Only few Silicon
waste, since no cutting necessary
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Production Process
Thin-Film-Process (CIS, CdTe, aSi, ... )
semiconductor materials are evaporated on large
areas Thickness about 1µm Flexible devices
possible less energy-consumptive than
c-Silicon-process only few raw material
needed Typical production sizes1 x 1 m2
CIS Module
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Technology -Trends

• Thin-Film Technology
• few raw material needed
• demand of flexible devices
• production of large area cells / modules in one
  step
• enhancement of cell efficiency
• Tandem-cell for better utilization of the solar
  spektrum
• Light Trapping, enhancement of the light
  absorption
• Transparent contacts
• bifacial cells
• Solar-concentrating photovoltaics

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Tandem-cell
Pattern of a multi-spectral cell on the basis of
the Chalkopyrite Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2
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Thin Si-Wafer
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energy payback time (EPBT)
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Market Shares
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Solar-Cell Manufacturer
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Worldwide installed PV-Power
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In Germany installed PV-Power
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PV-Module priceexperience curve price per Wp
against cumulative production
with Research Development
without Research Development
cumulative production in MWp
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3. PV Systems and Components

• PV System-Technology
• Solar Irradiation
• Energy yield and savings

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Solar Irradiation worlwide(kWh/m² a) on
horizontal surface
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Example BP Showcase