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The UrbanSuburban Connection
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Recognized expert on sprawl and cities/suburbs ... Neither can be self-sufficient economically. Suburbs are stronger when their city is stronger ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation
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Title: The UrbanSuburban Connection
1
The Urban-Suburban Connection
- Dr. Joseph Stefko
- Department of Political Science
- University at Buffalo, SUNY
- Spring 2007
2
Announcements
- No class next week
- Required video
- Part I and Part II are both accessible via the
Course Website
3
Tonight
- The economic relationship between cities and
their suburbs - Cities Without Suburbs
- Rusks other book
- Savitch article Ties that Bind
4
Rusk Background
- Recognized expert on sprawl and cities/suburbs
- Previously in the NM State Legislature and Mayor
of Albuquerque, NM - Also worked with the Washington Urban League and
U.S. Dept of Labor
5
About Cities Without Suburbs
- First edition published in 1993
- Quickly became a classic in the field
- Relies on 50 years of Census data
- What defines successful cities (as compared to
unsuccessful ones)
6
Rusks Premise
- Our cities have become neglected
- Cities home to those without mobility
- Race/class segregation and isolation
- Poor cities vs. Wealthy suburbs
- The key to success
- Lessons from Urban America
7
Lesson 1
- The real city is the total metropolitan area,
city and suburb - In 1950, 70 lived in cities
- In 2000, 60 live in suburbs
- Half of U.S. jobs are in suburbs
8
Lesson 2
- Most of Americas blacks, Hispanics and Asians
live in urban areas - Post-Great Depression migration
- 90 of minorities live in cities today
- Implications for urban policy
9
Lesson 3
- Since World War II, all urban growth has been
low-density, suburban style - Decreasing population density in cities
- Social and other implications
10
Lesson 4
- For a citys population to grow, the city must be
elastic - Elasticity, defined
- First Law of Urban Dynamics Only elastic cities
grow - What defines a highly elastic city?
11
Lesson 5
- Almost all metro areas have grown
Lesson 6
- Low density cities grow through infill high
density cities cannot - Low density cities have room to grow, while
keeping density down
12
Lesson 7
- Elastic cities expand their city limits
inelastic cities do not - Ability to expand the citys boundaries
- Political and legal tools to annex land
- As an alternative, consolidating governments
13
Lesson 8
- Bad state laws can hobble cities
- State laws differ re annexation and
consolidation - Tougher in strong home rule states
- See Table 1.5
- What makes the NE and MW different
14
Lesson 9
- Neighbors can trap cities
- One municipality cannot annex land within another
municipality - Citys geographic expansion can be blocked by
surrounding municipalities
15
Lesson 10
- Old cities are complacent young cities are
ambitious - For the reasons mentioned in Lesson 9
- In older cities, it was too late to address the
problem - Younger cities have had a better opportunity to
deal with the issue
16
Lesson 11
- Racial prejudice has shaped growth patterns
- White Flight
- Also contributed to resistance re annexation,
consolidation
17
Lesson 12
- Elastic cities capture suburban growth inelastic
cities contribute to suburban growth - Elastic cities could grow to capture growth
- Inelastic cities were unable to compete with the
suburbs for growth
18
Lesson 13
- Elastic cities gain population inelastic cities
lose population
Lesson 14
- When a city stops growing, it starts shrinking
19
Lesson 15
- Inelastic areas are more segregated than elastic
areas - Measures of residential segregation
- See Table 1.11
- Implications for regional policies
- See overhead
20
Lesson 16
- Major immigration increases Hispanic segregation
- Still lower than African American segregation
levels, however - Growth is higher in the SW cities
21
Lesson 17
- Highly racially segregated regions are also
highly economically segregated regions - Measures of segregation correlate to measures of
economic segregation - Inelastic areas More economically segregated
More racially segregated
22
Lesson 18
- Inelastic cities have wide income gaps with their
suburbs elastic cities maintain greater
city-suburb balance - Considerable gap in many communities
- Elastic cities tend to have less disparity
- This gap is more of an issue than overall wealth
in the metropolitan area
23
Lesson 19
- Poverty is more disproportionately concentrated
in inelastic cities than in elastic cities - Average levels of 24 vs. 14
- See Table 1.15
24
Lesson 20
- Little box regions foster segregation Big box
regions facilitate integration - In other words, the extent of local government
fragmentation - More fragmentation destroys the ability to think
regionally - Elastic regions have more unified governance
25
Lesson 21
- Little box school districts foster segregation
Big box school districts facilitate integration - Schools in inelastic cities
- Schools in elastic cities
- Second Law of Urban Dynamics Fragmentation
Divides, Unification Unites
26
Lesson 22
- Inelastic cities were harder hit by
deindustrialization of the American labor market - Mainly in the NE and MW
- Inelastics tend to be former manufacturing
economies Elastics tend to be the new economies
27
Lesson 23
- Elastic areas had faster rates of nonfactory job
creation than inelastic areas - Sunbelt cities growing in non-factory jobs
(health, tech, RD) - Older city economies have more difficulty
transitioning
28
Lesson 24
- Elastic areas showed greater real income gains
than inelastic areas - Reflection of greater economic expansion
29
Lesson 25
- Elastic cities have better bond ratings than
inelastic cities - Govts equivalent of a credit rating
- Reflects better economies, more stable tax bases
30
Lesson 26
- Elastic areas have a higher educated workforce
than inelastic areas - Economies based on new sectors demanding
education - More opportunity attracting the educated, college
grads to elastic cities
31
Summary
- Characteristics of elastic cities
- Characteristics of inelastic cities
32
Critiques
- Regional bias
- Size bias
- Segregation
- Is it really elastic vs. inelastic?
33
More on Lesson 18
- Income disparity quotation
- From 1993 The smaller the income gap between
city and suburb, the greater the economic
progress for the whole metropolitan community - Third Law of Urban Dynamics Ties Do Bind
34
Savitch et al. Article
- Ties that Bind Central Cities, Suburbs and the
New Metropolitan Region - Cities and suburbs are highly interdependent in
an economic sense - Neither can be self-sufficient economically
- Suburbs are stronger when their city is stronger
- Key quotations
35
One More Lesson
- The global economy sets the rules, but local
areas decide how to play the game - Rusks other book Inside Game/Outside Game
- To solve regional problems we need a combination
of strategies - The inside
- The outside
36
The Outside
- Regional land use planning and growth management
- Regional fair share low- and moderate-income
housing - Regional tax base sharing
37
How to Change theRules of the Game
- Coalition of regional interests
- Shared interests among city and inner ring
suburbs - Powerful potential force for metropolitan
equality
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