Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: Tasks P2020, P2023, P2024

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Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: Tasks P2020, P2023, P2024

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Search aircraft must usually remain at least 500 ft. below the cloud deck ... of coffee, tea, cola or cocoa since they contain caffeine and other chemicals ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: Tasks P2020, P2023, P2024

1
Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training Tasks P-2020,
P-2023, P-2024

Weather Effects on Scanning
Wake Turbulence
High Altitude and Terrain Considerations

2
Weather
3
Weather

The most important aspect of weather is its
impact on flight conditions
Safety is paramount
Navigation Visual verses Instruments
Effects on Search
Prevailing visibility
Search visibility
Search patterns and altitudes
Information National Weather Service, Flight
Service Stations, Pilot Reports

4
Reduced Visibility

Under almost all circumstances, VFR daytime
flight requires
At least three miles visibility
When clouds cover more than one-half the sky,
cloud bases must be no lower than 1,000 ft. AGL
Search aircraft must usually remain at least 500
ft. below the cloud deck
There are exceptions ask your PIC

5
Reduced Visibility

Fog
Haze
Snow
White out
Blowing dust
Affected by sun angle and direction
Aircrew must increase vigilance during these
conditions

6
Turbulence

Can reduce scanning effectiveness
Increases fatigue
Interferes with scan
Plan flights around high terrain carefully
Wind currents on the downwind side can be very
strong
Ridges and peaks should be cleared by at least
2000 feet

Flight Path
2000 ft.
Wind
7
Flight Precautions

Each member of the aircrew must be vigilant
during all phases of flight
Assign each an area to watch
Characterize visibility in the search area to
establish the proper scanning range
May be different than assumed
Visibility conditions or turbulence may increase
fatigue

QUESTIONS?

9
Wind Shear- Appears as a change in wind
direction and/or speed within a very short
distance in the atmosphere

Thunderstorms
Fronts - wind shear may advance as far as 15 nm
Air flow around obstacles

Windward
10
Wind Shear

Two potentially hazardous situations, dangerous
mainly during landing
Tailwind turns calm or to a headwind
Headwind turns calm or to a tailwind
Pilot must adjust quickly

11
Wake turbulence

Caused by aircraft moving through the air
generating lift (proportional to weight)
Settle 500 to 800 feet below the flight path
Drift out slowly (5 mph) on the ground
Takeoff before, land after other aircraft

12
Wake turbulence
13
Weather ThunderstormsRemain clear of
thunderstorm activity by at least 20 miles
Cumulus Stage
Mature Stage
Dissipating Stage
14
High Altitude and Terrain Considerations
15
Atmospheric Pressure

A barometer is used to register changes in
pressure measured in inches of mercury
Standard sea-level pressure and temperature
29.92 inches of mercury
59 degrees F (15 degrees C)
A change of 1000 feet in elevation makes a change
of about one inch
To correct for local elevation, set altimeter to
latest reading (ATIS/AWOS/ASOS/FSS) or enter
field elevation

Density Altitude
Three factors
Pressure
Temperature
Humidity
Altitude and pressure combined to determine
pressure altitude
Add non-standard temperature to get density
altitude
Pilots calculate (next slides) or can get on ASOS
Affects takeoff, climb, true air speed

17
Flight Computer

Circular slide rule
Density altitude
Nautical to statute miles
True airspeed
Other stuff

18
Aircraft Performance

Density altitude and aircraft weight have a
tremendous effect on aircraft performance
Both must be accurately calculated, especially
for mountain flying missions

19
Pressure vs. Performance

As altitude increases pressure decreases this
decrease can have a pronounced effect on flight
Engine (hp) and prop are less efficient
Take off distance, climb rate, and landing
distance effected
Take off distance almost doubles with a 5000 foot
elevation increase
Rate of climb slows with higher elevation
Landing distance increases with higher elevation
Higher Humidity, Heat or Height result in reduced
aircraft performance

20
Effects of Density Altitude
Takeoff Roll at Sea Level
Takeoff Roll at 5,000 ft Density Altitude
Climb at LOWER Density Altitude
Climb at HIGHER Density Altitude
21
Strategies

Dont fly at high elevation during the hottest
part of the day
Carefully calculate DA and weight
Reduce load
Less fuel
Crew of three instead of four
Less baggage
Remember High to Low, Look out Below (update
altimeter setting hourly)
If you fly in the mountains, take the Mountain
Fury Course

22
Flight Near Mountainous Terrain
23
Flight Near Mountainous Terrain
24
Flight Near Mountainous Terrain
25
Dehydration

The loss of water through the skin, lungs and
kidneys never ceases
Loss increases as the humidity drops with
increasing altitude
Symptoms are dryness of the tissues and resulting
irritation of the eyes, nose and throat
Minimize intake of coffee, tea, cola or cocoa
since they contain caffeine and other chemicals
Strategies
Drink plenty of fluids
Increase air flow (vents and windows)
If the search objective allows, reduce
temperature by climbing to higher altitude

26
Effects of Altitude on Crew Member Performance

Ear Block
Congestion around the Eustachian tube makes
pressure equalization difficult
Can produce severe pain and a loss of hearing
that can last from several hours to several days
(can rupture eardrum)
Sinus Block
Sinus congestion makes pressure equalization
difficult, particularly during descent
Can produce severe pain
Hypoxia (Lack of oxygen to the brain)
Loss of night vision as low as 5,000 feet
For most people altitudes above 12,000 feet
result in a loss of judgment , coordination,
memory, and alertness
Normally not a concern for non-mountainous CAP
operations (usually below 12,000 MSL)
Body has no built-in warning system against
hypoxia