P1246990957cTiwY - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
1 / 35
Title:
P1246990957cTiwY
Description:
Sucking: automatic sucking when something is placed in newborn's mouth ... Equipment: high-amplitude sucking. 33. Visual Perception. Visual acuity and color ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation
Number of Views:38
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Title: P1246990957cTiwY
1
Children Chapter 6 Physical Development in
Infancy
2
Patterns of Growth
- Cephalocaudal size, weight, and feature
differentiation gradually work from top to bottom - Proximodistal growth starts at center of body
and moves toward extremities
3
Height and Weight
- Average North American newborn is 20 inches and
7½ pounds - Birthweight doubled by age 4 months tripled at
end of first year - Growth during first year averages 1 inch per
month
4
- Average 2-year-old
- 26 to 32 pounds and 32 to 35 inches tall (almost
half of their adult height) - Growth rate considerably slower in second year
5
Brain Development
- Extensive growth in utero and infancy
- Shaken baby syndrome brain swelling and
hemorrhaging - Neuron nerve cell all present at birth
- Dendrites the receivers
6
- Myelin sheath layer of fat cells
- Encases most axons (senders)
- Insulates nerve cells
- Synapses tiny gaps between neurons
- EEG activity spurts about 1½ to 2 years of age
7
The Neuron
Fig. 6.2
8
The Development of Dendrite Spreading
Fig. 6.3
9
- Synaptic overproduction peaks about 4 months
after birth - Prefrontal cortex overproduction peaks about 1
year of age - Adult density achieved in late adolescence
10
Brains Lobes and Hemispheres
- Four lobes and two hemispheres
- Cerebral cortex
- Frontal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Lateralization of hemispheres
- left specializes in language, logic, analytical
problems right side of body positive emotions - right specializes in spatial, creative,
nonverbal left side of body negative emotions
11
The Brains Four Lobes
12
The Human Brains Hemispheres
Fig. 6.7
13
Early Experience and the Brain
- Environmental experiences important in brains
development enriched environments enhance growth - Infants brain waiting for experiences to
determine connections among neurons
14
Sleep
- REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep
- Adultsfifth of sleep
- Infantshalf of sleep
- May promote brains development in infancy
- helps with memory
15
(No Transcript)
16
Sleep and Culture
- Culture and Sleeping Arrangements
- Sharing bed common in many cultures
- Crib/separate room common in U.S.
17
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
- Infant stops breathing, usually during night, and
dies without apparent cause - Also known as crib death
- Sleeping on the back reduces risk by 5 to 10 times
18
- Increased risks if
- Lower birthweight
- Siblings with SIDS
- Sleep apnea
- Lower SES groups
- Exposure to cigarette smoke
- Placement in soft bedding
- Placed on stomach or side to sleep
- Not breast-fed (formula fed)
19
Nutrition
- Healthy infants need
- Loving, supportive feeding environment
- 50 calories per day per pound of weight
- Fat very important for growth
- Breast milk (natures food)
- Demand feeding becoming more popular
20
Breast-Feeding Versus Bottle-Feeding
- Breast-feeding recommended
- Appropriate weight gain, lowers obesity risk
- Prevents or reduces allergies and infections
- Promotes neurological and cognitive growth
- Lowers risk of SIDS and cancers
- Better visual acuity and bone density
- The only option in poor countries
21
Toilet Training
- Ability to control affected by muscular maturity
and motivation - Average child ready at age 2
22
Health
- Immunization begins in infancy
- Accident Prevention
- Increased monitoring needed in infancy
- Asphyxiation leading cause of death under 1
- Chocking hazards toys, food
- Burn risks sun, electrical, heaters, hot water
- Other risks car accidents, cuts, pet bites
23
Reflexes
- Rooting reaction when infants cheek is stroked
or side of the mouth is touched - Sucking automatic sucking when something is
placed in newborns mouth - Moro reflex startle response causes rapid
closing of arms and legs - Grasping when something touches palm
24
(No Transcript)
25
Gross Motor Skills
- Large muscle activities
- Development of posture
- Learning to walk locomotion, balance, and
practice - Development in second year
- Pull toys, climb stairs
- Walk quickly, run stiffly
26
(No Transcript)
27
Fine Motor Skills
- Reaching and grasping
- Experience affects reaching and grasping becomes
more refined during first 2 years
28
Defining Sensation and Perception
- Sensation occurs when information contacts
sensory receptorseyes, ears, tongue, nostrils,
and skin - Perception interpretation of sensation
29
- Affordances opportunities for interaction
offered by objects enhanced by previous
experiences
30
(No Transcript)
31
Studying Infant Perception
- Infant cannot talk
- Head movement indicates some vision
- Visual preference method Fantz measured length
of gaze and patterns of preference in looking
chamber
32
- Habituation and Dishabituation
- Habituation decreased responsiveness to a
stimulus after repeated presentations - Dishabituation recovery of a habituated response
after change in stimulation - Tracking applied to vision and hearing
- Equipment high-amplitude sucking
33
Visual Perception
- Visual acuity and color
- Perceiving patterns
- Perceptual constancysize, shape
- Depth perception
- Visual expectations
34
(No Transcript)
35
Other Senses
- Hearing begins in womb
- Touch and Pain present at birth
- Smell present shortly after birth
- Taste may exist before birth
Recommended
CrystalGraphics Presentations
