ICSUUNUUNESCO Committee on Scientific Knowledge Gaps - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Title: ICSUUNUUNESCO Committee on Scientific Knowledge Gaps


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ICSU-UNU-UNESCO Committee on Scientific
Knowledge Gaps
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IMOSEB

• An international mechanism that includes
  intergovernmental and non-governmental elements,
  and that builds on existing initiatives and
  institutions, with a view to
• providing scientifically validated information on
  the status, trends, and services of biodiversity
• identifying priorities and recommendations for
  biodiversity protection
• informing the relevant international conventions,
  especially the Convention of Biological
  Diversity, as their parties

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IMOSEB Needs

• Need for independent scientific expertise
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• Need for more capacity
• Need for improved communication

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Two Models Being Discussed

• 1- A network of networks
• 2- An intergovernmental/multistakeholder panel
  providing scientific advice
• There cannot be an MA II and an IMOSEB
• Urgent that consultations happen very soon

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An avalanche of new studies on ecosystem
services and since the MA at all levels
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Who does what and how much they do it
Kremen, 2005
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The Birds
Sekercioglu, et al., TREE 2006
Comparable studies on many different taxonomic
groups (insects) and guilds (soil organisms),
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We estimate the bats value as pest control for
cotton production in an eightcounty region in
south-central Texas. Our calculations show an
annual value of 741 000 per year, with a range
of 121 0001 725 000, compared to a 4.66.4
million per year annual cotton harvest.
(Cleveland, et al, 2006)
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K. Brauman and friends, 2007
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EcoServices classified according to spatial
characteristics

• 1. Global-Non Proximal (does not depend on
  proximity)
• 12. Climate Regulation
• Carbon sequestration (NEP)
• Carbon storage
• 17. Cultural/Existence value
• 2. Local Proximal(depends on proximity)
• 3. Disturbance Regulation/ Storm protection
• 9. Waste Treatment
• 10. Pollination
• 11. Biological Control
• 12. Habitat/Refugia
• 3. Directional Flow-Related flow from point of
  production to point of use
• 4. Water regulation/flood protection
• 5. Water supply
• 6. Sediment regulation/Erosion control
• 8. Nutrient regulation
• 4. In situ (point of use)
• 7. Soil formation

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Biophysical Generation of Ecosystem
Services What is the best way to define and
measure ecosystem service production? What
services are produced by which ecosystems over
what spatial and temporal scales? How are these
services produced? What is the magnitude of
service production? Trends How has service
production changed, and how do human activities
affect service production? How does service
delivery relate to the condition of the ecosystem
supplying it, and how important is
biodiversity? How does production of one service
depend on that of others? How well can technology
substitute for ecosystem services? What is the
spatial relationship between ecosystem services
supply and consumption?
Service use
Protection and management
Policy Which ecosystem services should be
prioritized for protection? What are the
strengths and limitations of different policy
mechanisms? How effective have voluntary
mechanisms been?
Beneficiaries and Producers of Ecosystem Service
Users Who are the producers and beneficiaries of
each service? Are people aware of their
production and consumption of the service?
Ecological value
Economic and social value
Policy formation
Valuation What components of ecosystem services
should be valued?? What valuation approaches best
captures these components? How valuable are
ecosystem services?
Brauman, et al., 2007
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Growing attention
But need to operationalize
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Tools needed
1. Ecology whats where?
2. Economics whats it worth?
3. Policy finance who pays and how?
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Tools needed
1. Ecology whats where?
2. Economics whats it worth?
3. Policy finance who pays and how?
Chan, et al. 2006. PLoS Biology
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Tools needed
1. Ecology whats where?
Mbaracayu, Paraguay
2. Economics whats it worth?
/ha NPV
3. Policy finance who pays and how?

• 5 services
• carbon storage
• sust. hunting
• sust. timber
• pharmaceuticals
• existence

Naidoo and Ricketts. 2006. PLoS Biology
Net Present Value ( / ha)
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Tools needed
1. Ecology whats where?
2. Economics whats it worth?
3. Policy finance who pays and how?
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MIMES Multi-scale Integrated Models of the
Ecosystem Services
Locations
Biosphere
Anthroposphere
Ecosystem Services
Cultures
Earth Surfaces
Nutrient Cycling
Biodiversity
Exchanges Between Locations
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
Geological Carbon
Earth Energy
Water by Reservoir
Gases
Ores
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MIMES Multiscale Integrated Models of Ecosystem
Services in the Earth System)
Location from local to global
Biosphere
Earth Surfaces
Anthroposphere
Ecosystem Services
Hydrology
Atmosphere
Lithosphere
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Earth Surfaces
MIMES Multiscale Integrated Models of Ecosystem
Services in the Earth System)
Location from local to global
Biosphere
Anthroposphere
Ecosystem Services
Atmosphere

• Lithosphere

Hydrosphere
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Focus on ecosystem services in relation to key
drivers and human well being, from local to
global scales.
Carpenter, DeFries, Dietz, Mooney, Polasky, Reid
Scholes, 2006, Science 314 257-258.
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The initial outline

• A rigorous development of and understanding of
  the relationship between biodiversity (in all of
  its dimensions) and ecosystem services. Lifting
  the bar and broadening the research approaches.
  The experimental base is very weak (eg species
  level with limited functional groupings).
• 2) Better guidance on valuation approaches for
  the various types of services. The enormous
  challenges valuing cultural servicese.g. benefit
  transfer, place-based specificity vs generality
  etc and developing approaches for understanding
  and valuing regulating services

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• 3) An evaluation of which ecosystem services can
  be substituted and at what cost along with
  tradeoff analyses. Development of production
  functions using multiple tools and models.
  Estimating the value of ecosystem change and
  developing practical economic tools to address
  adverse impacts (service payments, tax reforms,
  etc)
•  4) Deepening our understanding of the causal
  links between indirect drivers and direct drivers
  and developing practical strategies for
  interventions to achieve favorable outcomes at
  different scales and in different
  social/political and contexts
• 5) Development of institutional mechanisms for
  the management of ecosystem services including
  equitable sharing and unraveling
  poverty-ecosystem services linkages

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Congruence of Conservation Priorities?
Biodiversity Focus
Ecosystem Services Focus
(Balvanera et al. 2001 Science)
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• 6) Understanding and quantifying the linkages
  between ecosystem services and human well-being
  analyzing the outcomes of past attempts to
  improve environmental management (individual
  services vs. bundles local vs landscapes). This
  job was just begun in the MA
• 7) Address issues such as coupling qualitative
  and quantitative models including coupling to
  social and political processes improving
  uncertainty analyses, developing approaches to
  deal with thresholds, nonlinearities, and drivers
  operating at different time scales. Modelling
  human adaptation to and mitigation against
  ecosystem change ecological consequences of
  globalization.

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• 8) Develop a monitoring system that provides data
  that reveals, 1) the underpinnings for linkages
  between ES and HWB (eg. access to the movement of
  ES, human use of ES), 2) responses of ES in
  relation to ecosystem change (land cover, marine
  productivity biodiversity, etc), 3) Aid to
  decision making (hot spots, vulnerable regions,
  etc trends in HWB). Additionally, there is a
  need to map spatially-explicit overlays of
  ecosystem service delivery of landscapes

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After 3 fires in 12 years system converted to
weed patch-Steve Davis
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Permafrost melting is changing whole landscapes
Torre Jorgenson
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Land-use pressure agriculture
Conservation planning thwarted by
globalization R. Cowling
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Potato fields in a targeted conservation area in
South Africa