CIS736Lecture2420060313 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Title: CIS736Lecture2420060313


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CIS 736 Computer Graphics Lecture 24 of 42 Exam
Review and Hardware Shading Monday, 13 March
2006 Reading Hardware Rendering
(shader_lecture) Adapted with permission from
slides by Andy van Dam and Kevin Egan W. H.
Hsu http//www.kddresearch.org
avd November 4, 2003 VSD 1/46
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• Texturing
• Nothing is more important than texture
  performance and quality. Textures are used for
  absolutely everything.
• Fake shading
• Fake detail
• Fake effects
• Fake geometry
• Geometry is expensive you gotta store it,
  transform it, light it, clip it bah!
• Use them in ways they arent supposed to be used
• An image is just an array after all
• If it werent for textures, wed be stuck with
  big Gouraud shaded polys!
• Quick hardware texture review
• Interpolation is linear in 1/z

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• Multipass Rendering
• In 123, everything weve done has been in one
  pass but in reality you wont get anywhere with
  that.
• Multipass rendering gives you flexibility and
  better realism
• An early version of Quake 3 did this
• (1-4 Accumulate bump map)
• 5 Diffuse lighting
• 6 Base texture
• (7 Specular lighting)
• (8 Emissive lighting)
• (9 Volumetric effects)
• (10 Screen flashes)
• Multitexturing is the most important part of
  multipass rendering (remember all of those
  texture regs?)

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• Billboards
• A billboard is a flat object that faces
  something
• There are lots of different billboarding methods,
  but well stick with the easiest, most used one
• Take a quad and slap a texture on it. Now we want
  it to face the camera. How do we do that? (Hint
  you just did it in modeler)
• Bread and butter of older 3d games and still used
  extensively today
• Monsters (think Doom)
• Items
• Impostors (LOD)
• Text
• HUDs (sometimes)
• Faked smoke, fire, explosions, particle effects,
  halos, etc.
• ing lens flares
• Bad news Little to no shading

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• Aliasing when scaling up
• Bilinear Filtering (a.k.a. Bilinear
  Interpolation)
• Interpolate horizontally by the decimal part of u
  and vertically interpolate the horizontal
  components by the decimal part of v
• x floor(u) a u - x
• y floor(v) b v y
• T(u,v) (1 a)(1 b)T(x, y) bT(x, y 1)
• a(1 b)T(x 1, y) bT(x 1, y 1)
• (1 a)(1 b)T(x, y) a(1 b)T(x 1, y)
• (1 a)bT(x, y 1) abT(x 1, y 1)
• This is essentially what you did in filter when
  scaling up
• Hardware can do this almost for free and I cant
  think of a card that doesnt do it by default
• Not so free in a software engine

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• Mipmapping
• Mip multum in parvo (many in a small place)
• Solves the aliasing problem when scaling down
• Its possible for more than one texel may cover
  the area of a pixel (edges of objects, objects in
  the distance). We could find all texels that
  fall under that pixel and blend them, but thats
  too much work
• This problem causes temporal aliasing
• Will bilinear filtering help? Will it solve the
  problem?
• Solution more samples per pixel or lower the
  frequency of the texture
• Mipmapping solves the problem by taking the
  latter approach
• Doing this in real time is too much work so well
  precompute
• Take the original texture and reduce the area by
  0.25 until we reach a 1 x 1 texture
• Use a good filter and gamma correction when
  scaling
• If we use a Gaussian filter, this is called a
  Gaussian pyramid
• Predict how bad the aliasing is to determine
  which mipmap level to use
• How much more memory are we using?
• Can potentially increase texture performance
  (Lars story)
• Cards do mipmapping and bilinear filtering
  by default. A good deal of console
  games dont do mipmapping, why?

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• Problem Solved

8

• Were good. A little too good.
• We got rid of aliasing, but now everything is too
  blurry!
• Lets take more samples. Take a sample from the
  mipmap level above and below the current one and
  do bilinear filtering on the current mipmap level
  Trilinear Filtering
• Trilinear filtering makes it look a little better
  but were still missing something If were going
  to take even more samples we better be taking
  them correctly.
• Key observation suppose we take a pixel and
  backwards map it onto a texture. Is the pixel
  always a nice little square with sides parallel
  to the texture walls? NO!
• Bilinear and trilinear filtering are isotropic
  because they sample the same distance in all
  directions.
• Now were going to sample more where it is
  actually needed
• Of course, a pixel is NOT a tiny little square.
  But lets suppose it is

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• Anisotropic Filtering
• Anisotropic not isotropic (surprise). Also
  called aniso or AF for short.
• There are a couple of aniso algorithms that dont
  use mipmapping but our cards already do
  mipmapping really well so well build off of
  that.
• When the pixel is backwards mapped, the longest
  side of the quad determines the line of
  anisotropy and well take a hojillion samples
  along that line across mipmaps.
• Aniso and FSAA are the two big features of
  todays modern cards
• ATI and NVIDIA have different algorithms that
  they guard secretively and continue to
  improve/screw up
• We could be taking up to 128 samples per pixel!
  This takes serious bandwidth. This is orders of
  magnitude more costly than bilinear (4) or
  trilinear (6) filtering.
• Pictures!

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• Aniso Rules (1/3)
• www.richleader.com

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• Aniso Rules (2/3)
• Serious Sam extremetech.com

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• Aniso Rules (3/3)
• Serious Sam extremetech.com

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• Texture Generation
• Who needs artists?
• Procedural Texturing
• Use a random procedure to generate the colors
• Perlin noise (not just for color)
• Good for wood, marble, water, fire
• Unreal Tournament did it quite a bit
• Texture Synthesis
• No games use this to my knowledge
• Efros Leung, Ashikhmin use neighborhood
  statistics
• Cohen (Siggraph 2003) has a much faster tile
  based method

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Summary Points

• Solid Modeling Overview
• Data structures
• Boundary representations (B-reps) last time
• Spatial partitioning representations today
• Algorithms
• Construction (composition)
• Intersection, point classification
• Know difference between B-reps and spatial
  partitioning pros and cons
• Spatial Partitioning (Review Guide)
• Cell decomposition know how to obtain for
  composite object (simple primitives)
• Planar and spatial occupancy
• Simple uniform subdivision (grid / pixel,
  volumetric / voxel)
• Hierarchical quadtrees and octrees know how to
  obtain for 2D, 3D scenes
• Binary Space Partitioning (BSP) trees know how
  to obtain for simple 2D object
• Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) know typical
  primitives, how to combine
• Next Class Color Models Visible Surface Data
  Structures

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Programmable Hardware
Doom III
Research
Halo 2
Jet Set Radio Future
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History

• 1992 - ids Wolfenstein 3D video game rocks
  gaming world, all objects are billboards (flat
  planes) and rendered in software
• 1996 - ids Quake introduces a full 3D polygonal
  game, lighting vertices and shading pixels is
  still done in software
• 1996 - Voodoo 3Dfx graphics card released, does
  shading operations (such as texturing) in
  hardware. QuakeWorld brings hardware acceleration
  to Quake
• 1999 - Geforce 256 graphics card released, now
  transform and lighting (TL) of vertices is done
  in hardware as well (uses the fixed function
  pipeline)
• 2001 Geforce 3 graphics card lets programmers
  download assembly programs to control vertex
  lighting and pixel shading keeping the speed of
  the fixed function pipeline with none of the
  restrictions
• Future Expanded features and high level APIs
  for vertex and pixel shaders, increased use of
  lighting effects such as bump mapping and
  shadowing, higher resolution color values. Doom
  III and Half-Life 2 usher in a new era of realism

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Fixed Function Pipeline

• Starting in 1999 some graphics cards began to do
  the standard lighting model and transformations
  in hardware (TL). CPUs everywhere sighed in
  relief.
• Hardware TL existed in the 60s and 70s, it was
  just really slow and really expensive.
• Implementing the pipeline in hardware made
  processing polygons much faster, but the
  developer could not modify the pipeline (hence
  fixed function pipeline). The fixed function
  pipeline dates back to the first SGI
  workstations.
• New programmable hardware allows programmers to
  write vertex and pixel programs to change the
  pipeline
• Vertex and pixel programs arent necessarily
  slower than the fixed function alternative
• Note that the common term vertex shader to
  describe a vertex program is misleading
  vertices are lit and pixels are shaded

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A Quick Review

• By default, GL will do the following
• Take as input various per-vertex quantities
  (color, light source, eye point, texture
  coordinates, etc.)
• Calculate a final color for each vertex using a
  basic lighting model (OpenGL uses Phong lighting)
• For each pixel, linearly interpolate the three
  surrounding vertex colors to shade the pixel
  (OpenGL uses Gouraud shading)
• Write the pixel color value to the frame buffer

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Programmable Hardware Pipeline

• clip space refers to the space of the canonical
  view volume
• New graphics cards can use either the fixed
  function pipeline or vertex/pixel programs

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Example Cartoon Shading

• Cartoon shading is a cheap and neat looking
  effect used in video games such as Jet Set Radio
  Future
• Instead of using traditional methods to light a
  vertex, use the dot product of the light vector
  and the normal of the vertex to index into a 1
  dimensional texture (A texture is simply a
  lookup function for colors nothing more and
  nothing less)
• Instead of a smooth transition from low intensity
  light (small dot product) to high intensity light
  (large dot product) make the 1 dimensional
  texture have sharp transitions
• Textures arent just for wrapping 2D images on
  3D geometry!
• Viola! Cartoon Teapot

light
1.0
dot product
0.0
1 dimensional texture
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What is Cg?

• Cg is a C-like language that the graphics card
  compiles in to a program
• The program is run once per-vertex and/or
  per-pixel on the graphics card
• Cg does not have all the functionality of C
• Different types systems
• Cant include standard system headers
• No malloc
• http//www.cgshaders.org/articles/ has the
  technical documentation for Cg
• Cg is actually an abstraction of the more
  primitive assembly language that the programmable
  hardware originally supported

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Cg Tips

• Understand the different spaces your vertices may
  exist in
• model space the space in which your input vertex
  positions exist, in this space the center of the
  model is at the origin
• world space the space in which you will do most
  of your calculations
• clip space the space in which your output vertex
  positions must exist, this space represents the
  canonical view volume
• If you want a vector to have length 1 make sure
  to normalize the vector, this often happens when
  you want to use a vector to represent a direction
• When writing a Cg program try to go one step at a
  time, one sequence of steps might be
• Make sure the model vertex positions are being
  calculated correctly
• Set the color or texture coordinates to an
  arbitrary value, verify that you are changing the
  surface color
• Calculate the color or texture coordinates
  correctly
• Check out http//cgshaders.org/articles/ for some
  helpful documents

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The Big Picture

• Write a .cg file. This will invariably take some
  sort of information as a parameter to its
  main() function
• Note that this main() is not compiled by gcc (or
  any C/C compiler). That would generate a
  symbol conflict, among other things. It is only
  processed by NVidias Cg compiler
• Write a class that extends CGEffect. This is
  cs123s object-oriented wrapper around the basic
  C interface provided by NVidia
• The CGEffect subclass allows you to bind data
  from your .C files to variables in your .cg
  vertex program
• Make that CGEffect the IScenes current CGEffect
  by calling IScenesetCGEffect(). IScene will
  take ownership of the CGEffect at this point, so
  you will not be deleting the memory you allocated
  yourself. Rendering will now be done using your
  vertex shader
• Call ISceneremoveCGEffect() if you want to turn
  vertex shaders off again

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Cg Example Code (1/2)

• pragma bind appin.Position ATTR0
• pragma bind appin.Normal ATTR2
• pragma bind appin.Col0 ATTR3
• // define inputs from application
• struct appin application2vertex
• float4 Position
• float4 Normal
• float4 Col0
• pragma bind vertout.HPosition HPOS
• pragma bind vertout.Col0 COL0
• // define outputs from vertex shader
• struct vertout vertex2fragment
• float4 HPosition
• float4 Col0

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Cg Example Code (2/2)

• vertout main(appin IN,
• uniform float4 lightpos,
• uniform float4x4
  ModelViewInvTrans,
• uniform float4x4 ModelView,
• uniform float4x4 ModelViewProj,
• uniform float4x4 Projection)
• vertout OUT
• OUT.HPosition mul(ModelViewProj,
  IN.Position)
• float4 wsnorm mul(ModelViewInvTrans,
  IN.Normal)
• wsnorm.w 0
• wsnorm normalize(wsnorm)
• float4 worldpoint mul(ModelView,
  IN.Position)
• float4 lightvec lightpos - worldpoint
• lightvec.w 0
• lightvec normalize(lightvec)

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Cg Explanation (1/6)
Declare input struct and bindings

• pragma bind appin.Position ATTR0
• pragma bind appin.Normal ATTR2
• pragma bind appin.Col0 ATTR3
• // define inputs from application
• struct appin application2vertex
• float4 Position
• float4 Normal
• float4 Col0

• The appin struct extends application2vertex
  indicating to Cg that appin will be used to hold
  per-vertex input. The name appin is arbitrary,
  but the name application2vertex is part of Cg
• The pragma statements establish the mapping
  between OpenGLs representation for vertex input
  and the members of appin
• pragma bind statements are kind of confusing.
  Vertex inputs are supplied by the OpenGL program
  and are then stored in registers on the graphics
  card. These statements tell Cg how to initialize
  each member of the input struct i.e. use the
  value stored in the register specified by the
  pragma binding

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Cg Explanation (2/6)
Declare output struct and bindings

• pragma bind vertout.HPosition HPOS
• pragma bind vertout.Col0 COL0
• // define outputs from vertex shader
• struct vertout vertex2fragment
• float4 HPosition
• float4 Col0

• The vertout struct extends vertex2fragment
  indicating to Cg that vertout will be used to
  return per-vertex output. The name vertout is
  arbitrary, but the name vertex2fragment is part
  of Cg
• The pragma statements establish the mapping
  between the members of vertout and OpenGLs
  representation for vertex output
• Similarly to inputs, the graphics card expects
  the vertex outputs to be stored in registers.
  These pragma bind statements tell Cg what to do
  with the values stored in members of the output
  struct returned from main put them in the
  register specified by the pragma bind
• The card then uses the values in these registers
  in the rest of the pipeline

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Cg Explanation (3/6)
Entry point to the Cg program

• vertout main(appin IN,
• uniform float4 lightpos,
• uniform float4x4
  ModelViewInvTrans,
• uniform float4x4 ModelView,
• uniform float4x4 ModelViewProj
• uniform float4x4 Projection)

• Cg requires a main() function in every vertex
  program and uses this function as the entry point
• The return type vertout indicates we must
  return a structure of type vertout which will
  hold per-vertex output
• The IN parameter is of type appin Cg uses the
  pragma bindings from the previous slide to
  initialize IN with per-vertex input before it
  is passed to main(). This is read-only
• The uniform keyword indicates to Cg that the
  specified input parameter is constant across all
  vertices in the current glBegin()/glEnd() block
  and is supplied by the application
• The ModelView matrix maps from object space to
  world space
• The ModelViewProj matrix maps from object space
  to the film plane
• The ModelViewInvTrans is the inverse transpose of
  the modelview matrix
• Used to move normals from object space to world
  space
• The Projection matrix maps from world space to
  film plane

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Cg Explanation (4/6)

• vertout OUT
• OUT.HPosition mul(ModelViewProj,
  IN.Position)

Create output vertex compute and set its clip
space position
The first thing we do is declare a struct OUT
of type vertout which we will use to return
per-vertex output. This is a write-only
variable We calculate the vertexs clip space
position by multiplying the model space position
by the composite modelview and projection matrix
Compute and normalize world space normal
float4 wsnorm mul(ModelViewInvTrans,
IN.Normal) wsnorm.w 0 wsnorm
normalize(wsnorm)
We calculate the world space normal by
multiplying the model space normal by the inverse
transpose of the modelview matrix We set w equal
to 0 for the world space normal since all vectors
should have 0 as a homogenous coordinate. Do Not
assume that Cg will do this sort of thing for you
its not IAlgebra We normalize the world space
normal to assure that it is of length 1
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Cg Explanation (5/6)
Compute vertex world space position
Compute and normalize
vector from vertex to light (in world space)

• float4 worldpoint mul(ModelView,
  IN.Position)
• float4 lightvec lightpos - worldpoint
• lightvec.w 0
• lightvec normalize(lightvec)

We calculate the vertexs world space position by
multiplying its model space position by the
modelview matrix (we previously calculated the
vertexs clip space position) Since the lightpos
constant used in this example is already in world
space coordinates we calculate the vector from
the vertex to the light by subtracting the
vertexs position from the lights
position Again, to normalize the light vector we
set the homogenous coordinate to 0 and call
normalize()
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Cg Explanation (6/6)

• float dp dot(wsnorm, lightvec)
• dp clamp(dp, 0.0, 1.0)

Compute and clamp dot product (used in lighting
calculation)
To calculate the intensity associated with the
incoming light we dot the world space normal with
the world space light vector So that we do not
have to worry about negative dot product values
we clamp the dot product to be between 0.0 and
1.0. Note that we dont use a conditional here.
You should almost never have a branch instruction
in one of your vertex shaders.
Set output color return output vertex
OUT.Col0 IN.Col0 dp return
OUT
To calculate the diffuse contribution of the
light source we scale the diffuse color of the
object by the dot product We have set both the
clip space position and color in the OUT
structure so we now return the OUT structure from
main()
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How Can I Set The Parameters?

• We have two different address spaces
• You have parameters to your main() function in a
  .cg file
• You have floats and pointers to floats in a C/C
  file
• We provide support code to help bind the two
  together. Our wrappers also make this all a bit
  more object-oriented
• Look at the documentation for CGEffect.H/C
• There are bindings for the actual vertex programs
  and for the individual parameters sent to the
  vertex program
• The support code handles the ModelView/Projection/
  etc matrices automatically
• Lets take a look at a .C file

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The .C File (1/2)

• include "CGDiffuse.H"
• CGDiffuseCGDiffuse(CGcontext context,
• const char strCgFileName,
• const char strModelViewName,
• const char strModelViewProjName,
• const char strProjectionName,
• const char strMVInvTransName,
• const double_t lightPosX,
• const double_t lightPosY,
• const double_t lightPosZ)
• CGEffect(context, strCgFileName,
  strModelViewName,
• strModelViewProjName,
  strProjectionName,
  strMVInvTransName)
• m_lightPos0 lightPosX
• m_lightPos1 lightPosY
• m_lightPos2 lightPosZ
• m_cgLightPosParam NULL

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The .C File (2/2)

• void CGDiffuseinitializeStudentCgBindings()
• m_cgLightPosParam cgGetNamedParameter(m_cgProg
  ramHandle, "lightPos")
• assert(cgIsParameter(m_cgLightPosParam))
• void CGDiffusebindStudentUniformCgParameters()
• if (cgIsParameter(m_cgLightPosParam))
• cgGLSetParameter4f(m_cgLightPosParam,
• m_lightPos0,
• 
  m_lightPos1,
• 
  m_lightPos2,
• 1)

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The .C File Explained (1/3)
Initialize the effect

• include "CGDiffuse.H"
• CGDiffuseCGDiffuse(CGcontext context,
• const char strCGFileName,
• const char
  strModelViewName,
• const char
  strModelViewProjName,
• const char
  strProjectionName,
• const char
  strMVInvTransName
• const double_t lightPosX,
• const double_t
  lightPosY,
• const double_t
  lightPosZ)
• CGEffect(context, strCGFileName,
  strModelViewName,
  strModelViewProjName, strProjectionName,
  strMVInvTransName)
• // this stuff shouldnt need explanation, so it
  is elided

• Initializing the effect simply involves calling
  the superclass constructor, passing it
• The CGcontext, which IScene stores as the
  protected variable m_cgContext
• strCGFileName the .cg file with the Cg code for
  this effect
• The name of the modelview, composite modelview
  projection, projection, and modelview inverse
  transpose matrices.
• These names should be the names of our parameters
  in the main function of the .cg file, i.e.
  ModelViewInvTrans, ModelView,
  ModelViewProj, and Projection

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The .C File Explained (2/3)
Initializing bindings

• CGDiffuse initializeStudentCgBindings()
• m_cgLightPosParam cgGetNamedParameter(m_cgProg
  ramHandle, lightPos)
• assert(cgIsParameter(m_cgLightPosParam)

• This function is called when the effect is
  created to initialize your bindings
• cgGetNamedParameter takes a CGprogram and a
  string
• The first parameter is a handle to the text of
  the corresponding Cg program for this effect
• The CGDiffuse class inherits m_cgProgramHandle
  from CGEffect this protected variable is used in
  most of the Cg calls
• The second variable lightPos is a string with
  the form
• The uniform variable is in the .cg file, not this
  .C file!
• It returns a CGparameter
• This binding will be used later on to set a value
  for the uniform variable lightPos
• Well see how to do this on the next slide
• Initializing a binding does not give it a value!

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The .C File Explained (3/3)
Assigning values to a binding

• void
• CGDiffusebindStudentUniformCgParameters()
• if(cgIsParameter(m_cgLightPosParam))
• cgGLSetParameters4f(m_cgLightPosParam,
• m_lightPos0,
• m_lightPos1,
• 
  m_lightPos2,
• 
  1)

• This function is called to give actual values to
  a binding
• It is called exactly once by the support code
  with each call you make to redraw()
• Here, our binding represents the position of the
  light in our scene
• cgGLSetParameters4f takes the variable in our .C
  file representing the binding, and four floats
• The binding were specifying must be to a
  variable of type float4. In this case we are
  binding to lightPos, which is a float4 in our
  cg program.
• The variables fields are initialized to the four
  floats we specify
• Essentially, this function determines actual
  parameters for uniform variables in the .cg file
  the next time the Cg program is run

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Lets Code!

• As a class lets reconstruct the shader we just
  saw and add specular lighting.
• Then lets work out what needs to change in the
  .C file
• Fun!

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Revised Cg Code

• // the stuff at the top of the file is unchanged
  in this case. Not so if we
• // were using textures, etc, etc.
• float4 reflect(float4 incoming, float4 normal)
• float4 temp 2 dot(normal, incoming)
  normal
• return (temp incoming)
• vertout main(appin IN,
• uniform float4 eye,
• uniform float4 lightPos,
• uniform float4x4
  ModelViewInvTrans,
• uniform float4x4 ModelView,
• uniform float4x4 ModelViewProj,
• uniform float4x4 Projection)
• // same
• float4 reflectedlight reflect(lightvec,
  wsnorm)

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Revised .C File (1/2)

• void
• CGDiffuse initializeStudentCgBindings()
• m_cgLightPosParam cgGetNamedParameter(m_cgPro
  gramHandle, lightPos)
• assert(cgIsParameter(m_cgLightPosParam))
• m_cgEyePointParam cgGetNamedParameter(m_cgProg
  ramHandle,
  eye)
• assert(cgIsParameter(m_cgEyePointParam))

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Revised .C File (2/2)

• void
• CGDiffusebindStudentUniformCgParameters()
• if(cgIsParameter(m_cgLightPosParam))
• cgGLSetParameters4f(m_cgLightPosParam,
• m_lightPos0,
• m_lightPos1,
• 
  m_lightPos2,
• 
  1)
• if (cgIsParameter(m_cgEyePointParam ))
• const IAPoint eyept m_camera-eyePoint()
• cgGLSetParameter4f(m_cgEyePointParam ,
  eyept0,eyept1,eyep
  t2, 1)

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Changes Checklist

• When we went from a diffuse shader to a specular
  shader, we did the following
• Wrote the new .cg file
• Added uniform float4 eye to the main function
• Determined the specular component and added it to
  the diffuse color when setting OUT.Col0
• Added m_cgEyePointParam member variable of type
  CGparameter to the .H file (.H file not shown)
• Initialized the new binding in initializeStudentCg
  Bindings using cgGetNamedParameter
• Used the program handle inherited from CGEffect,
  m_cgProgramHandle
• The string was eye because we wanted the
  binding to specify the parameter eye in the cg
  program.
• Gave a value to the binding in bindStudentUniformC
  gParameters using cgGLSetParameter4f
• We got the eye point from the camera and passed
  it as four floats
• When our Cg program is run we know that eye will
  be float4( eyept0, eyept1, eyept2, 1)

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Debugging Cg

• Debugging Cg can be hard
• Compile errors happen at runtime, when the
  shader is loaded, and do not have any helpful
  information
• All you get is The compile returned an error
• To get some useful feedback use the CG compiler
• /course/cs123/bin/cgc profile vp20
• No printf
• The only output you have is the vertex you
  return, so you can use the output color to do
  primitive testing
• Comment a lot! Treat it as if you were writing
  assembly code from cs31

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Cg Types (1/2)

• Used in .C and .H files
• CGprogram (in example code m_cgProgramHandle)
• All of the NVidia Cg calls are global functions.
  We need this pointer to tell the NVidia Cg
  library which program were talking about
• CGparameter (in example code m_cgLightPosParam,
  m_cgEyePointParam)
• We need to connect the values (0,0,1, say) to a
  parameter (lightpos, for example). This
  variable represents that connection or binding.

54
Cg Types (2/2)

• Used in .cg files
• float4 (in example code eye, lightpos)
• This is a 4-vector. (Think IAPoint) You can
  access the elements in different ways
• lightpos.x or lightpos0, lightpos.y or
  lightpos1
• float4x4 (in example code ModelView, etc.)
• This is a 4x4 matrix. (Think IAMatrix) You can
  do matrix multiplications in hardware with these
• float (can be used within a function, but not as
  a parameter)
• (Think float) Unfortunately, you will probably
  try to pass one as a parameter and get one of the
  absolutely opaque Cg compile errors. Dont try
  it! You cant bind to a single float.
• Do use them within the body of a Cg function
  definition

55
Where did Cg come from?
(or, culture is good for you)
56
Old vs. New

• Before the GeForce 3, graphics programmers sent
  position, normal, color, transparency, and
  texture data to the card and it used the fixed
  function pipeline to render the vertices (the
  left side of the picture on slide 5). Sceneview
  used the fixed function pipeline to render.
• This meant the programmer had limited control
  over how the hardware created the final image. To
  do non-standard effects, like cartoon shading,
  required a lot of hackery.
• Programmers had to trick the card in to doing
  different effects or handle a lot of the effects
  in software
• The current generation of hardware, however,
  takes a different view of rendering. The
  programmer simply sends data to the card and then
  writes a program to interpret the data and create
  an image. Most programmers still send standard
  types of data like position, normal, color, and
  texture data since it often makes the most sense.

57
Basics

• In the first generation of programmable cards,
  the programmer wrote short assembly language
  programs to create a final image.
• Vertex shader programs take as input per vertex
  information (object space position, object space
  normal, etc.) and per frame constants
  (perspective matrix, modeling matrix, light
  position, etc.). They produce some of the
  following outputs clip space position, diffuse
  color, specular color, transparency, texture
  coordinates, and fog coordinates.
• Pixel shader programs take as input the outputs
  from the vertex shader program and texture maps.
  They produce a final color and transparency as
  output. They are often called fragment shaders.
• Pixel shaders are trickier so we dont cover
  them. Take CS224 if you want to learn more!
• Pixel shaders Vertex shaders

58
Using a Shader

• A programmer would write the vertex and pixel
  shaders as simple text files.
• Then a program would load each of the shaders it
  intended to use. This sends the text file to the
  driver where it is compiled in to a binary
  representation and stored on the graphics card.
• Each rendering pass, the program would enable one
  vertex shader and/or one pixel shader. This tells
  the graphics card to use the them to render the
  objects instead of the fixed function pipeline.
• Finally, the program passes data to the card.
  Its interpreted by the shaders and an image is
  produced!
• Disabling the shaders (or never enabling any)
  prompts the card to use the fixed function
  pipeline.

59

Ack, assembly!

• MUL R1, R1.x, R2
• DP4 R1.x, R3, -R1
• MUL oCOL0, v3, R1.x
• MOV R2.xyz, -c1
• MOV R2.w, c18.x
• DP4 R1.x, R2, R2
• RSQ R1.x, R1.x
• MUL R4, R1.x, R2
• MUL R1, c0.yzxw, R4.zxyw
• MAD R2, R4.yzxw, c0.zxyw, -R1
• DP4 R1.x, R2, R2
• RSQ R1.x, R1.x
• Not only to we need to write some CPU assembly to
  make our game run fast, now we have to write
  assembly for the graphics cards
• Different graphics cards support different
  versions of the vertex and pixel shader assembly
  languages
• Shader programs run at different speeds on
  different cards different assembly for each
  card
• John Carmack, a man not afraid of assembly,
  believes that high level shader languages are
  critical for the future success of programmable
  hardware and hes right

60
Enter the High Level Languages

• Microsofts HLSL
• New in DirectX 9
• struct VS_OUTPUT    float4 Pos
  POSITION    float3 Light TEXCOORD0    float3
  Norm TEXCOORD1
• VS_OUTPUT VS(float4 Pos POSITION, float3
  Normal NORMAL)    VS_OUTPUT Out
  (VS_OUTPUT)0     Out.Pos mul(Pos,
  matWorldViewProj)
•     Out.Light vecLightDir
•     Out.Norm normalize(mul(Normal, matWorld))
  
•     return Out
• float4 PS(float3 Light TEXCOORD0, float3 Norm
  TEXCOORD1) COLOR    float4 diffuse 1.0,
  0.0, 0.0, 1.0    float4 ambient 0.1, 0.0,
  0.0, 1.0     return ambient diffuse
  saturate(dot(Light, Norm))
• NVIDIAs Cg
• Geared towards OpenGL but it can work with
  DirectX and compile for DirectX specific assembly
  languages
• The OpenGL ARBs SLang
• Will be in OpenGL 2.0 whenever that comes out
• (HLSL code from gamasutra.com)

61
Cg

• During the summer of 2002 nVidia released Cg. Cg,
  as weve seen, is a language specification for
  vertex and pixel shaders that looks a lot like C.
  It is useful because its more intuitive and
  easier to program in than the assembly language
  used prior to its release.
• For the modeler assignment you will take
  advantage of Cg to make a vertex program.
• Cg programs are still simple text files and
  processed by the graphics card, just like the
  assembly programs. The only difference is the
  language.
• We cant use HLSL because were using Linux (duh)
  and SLang isnt out yet Cg!

62
The Future

• Pixel shaders, pixel shaders, and more pixel
  shaders
• Shader performance and power is increasing at an
  insane rate. Look at how far weve come in only
  two years!
• Real time ray tracing? Radiosity?
• BRDF/BSSRDF
• Real time RenderMan?
• Scientific computing
• Who needs the CPU?