Brendan Weekes, EP, bswbiols

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Brendan Weekes, EP, bswbiols

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Title: Brendan Weekes, EP, bswbiols

1
Brendan Weekes, EP, bsw_at_biols
http//www.sussex.ac.uk/psychology/profile101074

http//www.biols.susx.ac.uk/ugteach/course/itcp.ht
m

http//www.ukcouncil.net/ppv/login.cfm the
username is sus00001 the password is cognitive
2
Cognitive Psychology CHI-LT.

Important journals
Cognition (on line).
Cognitive Neuropsychology.
Journal of Experimental PsychologyHPP.
Journal of Experimental PsychologyLMC.
Journal of Memory and Language.
Memory and Cognition.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.

Lecturer
Brendan Weekes.
bsw_at_biols.susx.ac.uk
Ext 8570.
Contact hours
Thursday 16.00-17.00 or else by appointment.
Room 5D24.
Course Text
Parkin, A. (2000). Essential Cognitive
Psychology. Psychology Press.

3
ORIGINS

AIMS OBJECTIVES
The aim of this lecture is to review historical
and current approaches to studying cognition.
At the end of the lecture you will have learned
What is meant by cognition
Different perspectives in the study of cognition
Methods used to study cognition
Modularity in cognition

CORE READING
Parkin, A. (2000). Essential Cognitive
Psychology. Psychology Press, Chapter 1.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Coltheart, M. (1999). Modularity and cognition.
Trends in Cognitive Science, 3(3), 115-12.

4
What is cognitive psychology?

Cognitive psychology is the science of studying
mental events.
It can be defined as the study of things we do
rapidly, without error and non-consciously.

Neisser (1967) wrote
Cognitive psychology refers to .. processes by
which sensory input is transformed, elaborated
stored, recovered and used.

5
Black box
6
Origins of cognitive psychology

Introspectionism
subjective experience e.g., Wundt (1890-1920).
subjective experience is not scientifically
verifiable.
Behaviourism (US)
laws of behaviour (S-R) mental states
epiphenomena e.g. Watson (1913).
conditioning could not explain novelty and rule
governed behaviour in language (Chomsky, 1960).

Gestalt psychology (Europe)
law of good formpragnanz e.g. Kofka (1935)
emergent properties implies cognition.
but what is a mental state?
Cognitive psychology
mental states (representations)
Tolman (1946) showed rats behave with
expectations.
cognitive maps are formed in the process of
problem solving.

7
Watson psychology is a purely objective branch
of natural science
Laws of behaviour
Sstimulus
Colourless green ideas sleep furiously
Rresponse
S-RS-R..
8
Pop out Good continuation is a primitive
9
Information processing

What mental operations do we perform on stored
information in memory?
Bottom-up processing
data or stimulus driven.
Top-down processing
conceptually driven.

Sequential and parallel processing
temporally constrained versus non-constrained.
Modular and interactive processing (Fodor)
domain specific versus domain independent.
Neuro-biologically constrained?

10
Data used to test models

Experimental psychology
empirical, behavioural data from controlled
studies of normal subjects.
Cognitive science
develops computational models of cognition often
to simulate the results from experiments.

Cognitive neuropsychology
studies of individual brain damaged patients.
Cognitive neuroscience
maps brain function during behavioural tasks.

11
Experimental data
lion

Questions
How are words and pictures processed in the mind?
When pictures and words are given to participants
to name are their reaction times (latencies) any
different?
Does age-of-acquisition of the word have an
effect on naming?

syringe
12
Results
13
Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models

PDP models changed cognition in the 1990s.
Information processing is manifest via parallel
interactions in a large set of simple neuron like
processing units that are called nodes.

Nodes represent symbols like presence of vertical
or horizontal lines.
Symbols are processed via statistical properties
(e.g. how frequent is the vertical line) rather
than by application of rules.

14
Face feature nodes
PDP many of the cells firing do so in response
to the firing of other cells rather than
directly in response to the stimulus.
15
Cognitive neuropsychology

Study of brain damaged patients who were
pre-morbidly literate but who after brain damage
have an acquired dyslexia or an acquired anomia.
A dissociation between preserved and impaired
picture naming and oral reading abilities reveals
the structure of the normal cognitive system.

Acquired dyslexia
Cannot read words
Can name pictures
Acquired anomia
Cannot name pictures
Can read words

16
Cognitive neuroscience
words

Studies brain functioning with
Event related potentials (ERP).
Positron emission tomography (PET).
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Magneto-encephalography (MEG).
Are different parts of the brain active when
reading words and naming pictures? YES!

pictures
17
Approaches to cognitive psychology
18
Summary

Cognitive psychology uses information processing
models of mental states to test theories of
cognition.
Data from behavioural studies of brain impaired
and normal participants is used to test and to
develop theories of cognitive processing.

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