Bioinformatics%20For%20MNW%202nd%20Year - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Bioinformatics%20For%20MNW%202nd%20Year
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Jens Kleinjung (1/11/02) Victor Simosis PhD (1/12/02) ... Rembrandt, 1632. Newton, 1726. Mathematics. Statistics. Computer. Science. Informatics. Biology ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation
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Title: Bioinformatics%20For%20MNW%202nd%20Year
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Bioinformatics For MNW 2nd Year
- Jaap Heringa
- FEW/FALW
- Integrative Bioinformatics Institute VU (IBIVU)
- heringa_at_cs.vu.nl, www.cs.vu.nl/ibivu, Tel.
47649, Rm R4.41
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Current Bioinformatics Unit
- Jens Kleinjung (1/11/02)
- Victor Simosis PhD (1/12/02)
- Radek Szklarczyk - PhD (1/01/03)
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Bioinformatics course 2nd year MNW spring 2003
- Pattern recognition
- Supervised/unsupervised learning
- Types of data, data normalisation, lacking data
- Search image
- Similarity/distance measures
- Clustering
- Principal component analysis
- Discriminant analysis
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Bioinformatics course 2nd year MNW spring 2003
- Protein
- Folding
- Structure and function
- Protein structure prediction
- Secondary structure
- Tertiary structure
- Function
- Post-translational modification
- Prot.-Prot. Interaction -- Docking algorithm
- Molecular dynamics/Monte Carlo
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Bioinformatics course 2nd year MNW spring 2003
- Sequence analysis
- Pairwise alignment
- Dynamic programming (NW, SW, shortcuts)
- Multiple alignment
- Combining information
- Database/homology searching (Fasta, Blast,
Statistical issues-E/P values)
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Bioinformatics course 2nd year MNW spring 2003
- Gene structure and gene finding algorithms
- Genomics
- Expression data, Nucleus to ribosome,
translation, etc. - Proteomics, Metabolomics, Physiomics
- Databases
- DNA, EST
- Protein sequence (SwissProt)
- Protein structure (PDB)
- Microarray data
- Proteomics
- Mass spectrometry/NMR/X-ray
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Bioinformatics course 2nd year MNW spring 2003
- Bioinformatics method development
- Programming and scripting languages
- Web solutions
- Computational issues
- NP-complete problems
- CPU, memory, storage problems
- Parallel computing
- Bioinformatics method usage/application
- Molecular viewers (RasMol, MolMol, etc.)
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Gathering knowledge
- Anatomy, architecture
- Dynamics, mechanics
- Informatics
- (Cybernetics Wiener, 1948)
- (Cybernetics has been defined as the science of
control in machines and animals, and hence it
applies to technological, animal and
environmental systems) - Genomics, bioinformatics
Rembrandt, 1632
Newton, 1726
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Bioinformatics
Chemistry
Biology Molecular biology
Mathematics Statistics
Bioinformatics
Computer Science Informatics
Medicine
Physics
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Bioinformatics
- Studying informational processes in biological
systems (Hogeweg, early 1970s) - No computers necessary
- Back of envelope OK
Information technology applied to the management
and analysis of biological data (Attwood and
Parry-Smith)
Applying algorithms with mathematical formalisms
in biology (genomics) -- USA
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Bioinformatics in the olden days
- Close to Molecular Biology
- (Statistical) analysis of protein and nucleotide
structure - Protein folding problem
- Protein-protein and protein-nucleotide
interaction - Many essential methods were created early on (BG
era) - Protein sequence analysis (pairwise and multiple
alignment) - Protein structure prediction (secondary, tertiary
structure)
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Bioinformatics in the olden days (Cont.)
- Evolution was studied and methods created
- Phylogenetic reconstruction (clustering NJ
method
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- But then the big bang.
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The Human Genome -- 26 June 2000
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The Human Genome -- 26 June 2000
Dr. Craig Venter Celera Genomics -- Shotgun method
Sir John Sulston Human Genome Project
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Human DNA
- There are about 3bn (3 ? 109) nucleotides in the
nucleus of almost all of the trillions (3.5 ?
1012 ) of cells of a human body (an exception is,
for example, red blood cells which have no
nucleus and therefore no DNA) a total of 1022
nucleotides! - Many DNA regions code for proteins, and are
called genes (1 gene codes for 1 protein in
principle) - Human DNA contains 30,000 expressed genes
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) comprises 4 different
types of nucleotides adenine (A), thiamine (T),
cytosine (C) and guanine (G). These nucleotides
are sometimes also called bases
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Human DNA (Cont.)
- All people are different, but the DNA of
different people only varies for 0.2 or less.
So, only 2 letters in 1000 are expected to be
different. Over the whole genome, this means that
about 3 million letters would differ between
individuals. - The structure of DNA is the so-called double
helix, discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953,
where the two helices are cross-linked by A-T and
C-G base-pairs (nucleotide pairs so-called
Watson-Crick base pairing).
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Modern bioinformatics is closely associated with
genomics
- The aim is to solve the genomics information
problem - Ultimately, this should lead to biological
understanding how all the parts fit (DNA, RNA,
proteins, metabolites) and how they interact
(gene regulation, gene expression, protein
interaction, metabolic pathways, protein
signalling, etc.) - More in the next lecture
